Government Operations
207 bills 1184 analyzed clauses
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R ND · Senate
Vote dates filter recorded votes and vote-linked bills; sponsorship remains included.
Policy Effects
Estimated effects on people, organizations, and industries in bills this legislator sponsored, cosponsored, or voted on. Includes bills they voted against.
These are assessments of legislative text, not measurements of realized outcomes or the legislator’s intent.
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207 bills 1184 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups169 bills 976 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups153 bills 859 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups142 bills 1093 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups138 bills 2252 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups107 bills 516 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups96 bills 354 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups65 bills 708 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups64 bills 228 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups48 bills 90 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups46 bills 212 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups44 bills 545 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups44 bills 329 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups38 bills 205 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups34 bills 555 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups32 bills 279 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups30 bills 191 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups29 bills 220 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups28 bills 126 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups20 bills 103 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups18 bills 39 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups14 bills 26 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups12 bills 51 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups12 bills 40 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups12 bills 26 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups8 bills 23 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups6 bills 174 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups6 bills 11 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups5 bills 316 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups5 bills 5 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups4 bills 51 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups3 bills 23 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups3 bills 8 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups3 bills 5 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups2 bills 200 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups2 bills 58 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups2 bills 19 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups2 bills 11 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups2 bills 10 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups2 bills 7 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups2 bills 5 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups2 bills 5 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups2 bills 4 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups2 bills 4 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups2 bills 3 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups2 bills 3 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups2 bills 2 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups2 bills 2 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 263 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 134 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 81 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 68 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 40 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 27 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 27 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 23 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 19 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 19 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 18 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 18 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 17 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 17 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 16 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 16 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 12 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 12 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 12 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 10 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 10 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 9 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 9 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 8 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 7 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 5 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 5 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 5 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 4 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 4 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 4 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 4 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 3 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 3 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 3 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 3 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 2 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 2 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 2 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 2 analyzed clauses
Explore affected groups1 bill 1 analyzed clause
Explore affected groups1 bill 1 analyzed clause
Explore affected groups1 bill 1 analyzed clause
Explore affected groups1 bill 1 analyzed clause
Explore affected groups1 bill 1 analyzed clause
Explore affected groups1 bill 1 analyzed clause
Explore affected groups1 bill 1 analyzed clause
Explore affected groups1 bill 1 analyzed clause
Explore affected groups1 bill 1 analyzed clause
Explore affected groups1 bill 1 analyzed clause
Explore affected groupsPotential benefits are effects assessed as favorable to the named group. Potential burdens impose costs, restrictions, risks, or lost opportunities on that group.
Mixed effects contain countervailing effects on the same group. Unclear effects have an undetermined direction. A group can have separate benefits and burdens; these are counted separately.
Counts describe the number of identified effects, not their size or public value. Bill and clause counts are distinct within each view. Shared evidence may appear under several groups or policy areas, so their counts should not be added together.
Historical bill versions are included. Clauses analyzed in different versions count separately. A bill’s current status does not establish that every analyzed provision was enacted.
Only direct effects with high or medium confidence in the policy-area assignment are included. Bills are connected through sponsorship, cosponsorship, or Yea/Nay votes; a vote against a bill does not reverse its assessed effects. Vote dates filter recorded votes and vote-linked bills; sponsorship remains included.
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Sanctioning Russia Act of 2025
To establish a postsecondary student data system.
To impose sanctions with respect to trafficking of illicit fentanyl and its precursors by transnational criminal organizations, including cartels, and for other purposes.
To direct the Comptroller General of the United States to conduct a study to evaluate the activities of sister city partnerships operating within the United States, and for other purposes.
To amend the Federal Reserve Act to provide greater accountability to the Federal Reserve System, and for other purposes.
To declare English as the official language of the United States, to establish a uniform English language rule for naturalization, and to avoid misconstructions of the English language texts of the laws of the United States, pursuant to Congress’ powers to provide for the general welfare of the United States and to establish a uniform rule of naturalization under article I, section 8, of the Constitution.
To establish a temporary commission to develop a consensus and actionable recommendations on a comprehensive grand strategy with respect to the United States relationship with the People’s Republic of China for purposes of ensuring a holistic approach toward the People's Republic of China across all Federal departments and agencies.
Condemning Beijing’s destruction of Hong Kong’s democracy and rule of law.
To provide incentives to physicians to practice in rural and medically underserved communities, and for other purposes.
To impose sanctions and other measures in response to the failure of the Government of the People's Republic of China to allow an investigation into the origins of COVID–19 at suspect laboratories in Wuhan.
To enhance the security of the United States and its allies, and for other purposes.
Relating to the establishment of a means for the Senate to provide advice and consent regarding the form of an international agreement relating to pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response.
To preserve open competition and Federal Government neutrality towards the labor relations of Federal Government contractors on Federal and federally funded construction projects, and for other purposes.
To impose sanctions to deter aggression by the People’s Republic of China against Taiwan, and for other purposes.
To amend the Natural Gas Act to provide for expanded natural gas exports.
To terminate the requirement imposed by the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for proof of COVID–19 vaccination for foreign travelers, and for other purposes.
To amend section 212 of the Immigration and Nationality Act to ensure that efforts to engage in espionage or technology transfer are considered in visa issuance, and for other purposes.
To amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to provide for extensions of detention of certain aliens ordered removed, and for other purposes.
To amend the Federal Reserve Act to prohibit certain financial service providers who deny fair access to financial services from using taxpayer funded discount window lending programs, and for other purposes.
To amend the Defense Production Act of 1950 to include the Secretary of Agriculture on the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States and require review of certain agricultural transactions, and for other purposes.
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