HR5457-118

101. Fossil energy and carbon management Title II of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7131 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: There is established within the Department an Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (referred to in this section as the Office). The Office shall be headed by the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (referred to in this section as the Assistant Secretary), who shall be appointed by the President in accordance with section 203. In carrying out research, development, and demonstration relating to carbon dioxide removal, the Assistant Secretary shall— incorporate best practices from the existing carbon capture and storage research programs within the Department of Energy into the Office; be responsible for crosscut coordination of planning and budget for all research, development, and demonstration programs of the Department of Energy relating to carbon dioxide removal (as defined in section 2 of the Carbon Dioxide Removal Research and Development Act of 2023); serve as the primary point of contact for any relevant interagency planning and coordination efforts; conduct analyses and technology assessments of carbon dioxide removal systems, development, and demonstration programs, including by engaging with the National Laboratories (as defined in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801)) to assess lifecycle performance of carbon dioxide removal systems; and provide project management services for all demonstration-scale projects emerging from the technological carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration portfolio. The mission of the Office shall include the research, development, and demonstration of direct air capture and carbon mineralization technologies. The National Energy Technology Laboratory shall have the lead responsibility within the Department of Energy for planning and managing research, development, and demonstration activities relating to direct air capture and carbon storage, with the goal of establishing and driving down technology-specific cost targets. All projects carried out by the Office shall be subject to rigorous project management requirements and procedures modeled on Department Order 413.3b (relating to program and project management for the acquisition of capital assets) (or a successor order). The table of contents for the Department of Energy Organization Act (Public Law 95–91; 91 Stat. 565; 119 Stat. 764) is amended by adding at the end of the items relating to title II the following: Any reference in a law, regulation, document, paper, or other record to the Office of Fossil Energy shall be deemed to be a reference to the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. Section 969D of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16298d) is amended— in subsection (c), by striking paragraph (5) and inserting the following: ecologically sound, resilience-oriented, and carbon-sequestering forest management techniques, forest restoration, urban tree planting and management, and reforestation such that negative land-use change impacts, such as endangering food security and biodiversity loss, can be avoided; and by redesignating subsections (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (j), and (k) as subsections (e), (f), (g), (i), (j), (k), (l), and (m), respectively; by inserting after subsection (c) the following: In carrying out subsection (c)(1), the Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to— contactor design; low- and zero-carbon heat; advanced or unconventional systems and components; scale-up studies and pilot plants; operational data collection; engineering design support for large-scale projects; external techno-economic analyses; and monitoring, reporting, and verification capabilities. In carrying out subsection (c)(2), the Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to advanced biomass-to-power conversion. In carrying out subsection (c)(3), the Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to— alkalinity resource assessments; pilot studies of ex situ mineralization; and pilot studies of in situ mineralization for carbon storage. In carrying out carbon utilization activities under the program, the Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to the integration of carbonation with carbon dioxide capture processes. In carrying out cross-cutting activities under the program, the Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to— carbon dioxide removal data collection and publication; technology cost and performance; integrated carbon systems modeling; and decision science. by inserting after subsection (g) (as so redesignated) the following: Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this subsection the Secretary shall make competitive awards for a portfolio of carbon dioxide removal demonstration projects described in paragraph (2). Subject to subsection (e), to be eligible for an award under paragraph (1), a carbon dioxide removal demonstration project shall— use 1 or more technologies and strategies described in subsection (c), including activities described in subsection (i); have a total cost of not less than $10,000,000; be located in the United States or, in the case of ocean-based projects, within the territorial sea or exclusive economic zone of the United States; have the potential for large-scale, cost-effective replication; and meet such other provisions as may be established by the Secretary consistent with the purposes of this section. In making awards under paragraph (1), out of the funds provided under subsection (m)(1), the Secretary shall allocate— $500,000,000 to projects with total costs of not less than $10,000,000 and not more than $100,000,000; $750,000,000 to projects— with a total cost of more than $100,000,000; and under which all captured carbon dioxide is disposed of in geologic storage in saline aquifers; and $750,000,000 to projects with a total cost of more than $100,000,000, without regard to the type of storage. Except as provided in subparagraph (B), with respect to a project receiving an award under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall require that— in the case of a project that disposes of carbon dioxide in geologic storage in an operating oil and gas field, not less than 50 percent of the total project cost shall be provided by a non-Federal source; and in the case of a project that is not described in clause (i), not less than 20 percent of the total project cost shall be provided by a non-Federal source. the Federal share of the cost of a project receiving an award under paragraph (1) with a total cost of not less than $10,000,000 and not more than $100,000,000 may be up to 100 percent. in subsection (m) (as so redesignated), by striking paragraphs (1) through (5) and inserting the following: $2,089,000,000 for fiscal year 2024, of which $2,000,000,000 shall be used to carry out subsection (h), to remain available until expended; $217,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; $312,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; $360,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; $440,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; $441,000,000 for fiscal year 2029; $451,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; $424,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; $380,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and $337,000,000 for fiscal year 2033. 218.Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management(a)EstablishmentThere is established within the Department an Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (referred to in this section as the Office).(b)Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management(1)In general The Office shall be headed by the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (referred to in this section as the Assistant Secretary), who shall be appointed by the President in accordance with section 203.(2)Duties of officeIn carrying out research, development, and demonstration relating to carbon dioxide removal, the Assistant Secretary shall—(A)incorporate best practices from the existing carbon capture and storage research programs within the Department of Energy into the Office;(B)be responsible for crosscut coordination of planning and budget for all research, development, and demonstration programs of the Department of Energy relating to carbon dioxide removal (as defined in section 2 of the Carbon Dioxide Removal Research and Development Act of 2023);(C)serve as the primary point of contact for any relevant interagency planning and coordination efforts;(D)conduct analyses and technology assessments of carbon dioxide removal systems, development, and demonstration programs, including by engaging with the National Laboratories (as defined in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801)) to assess lifecycle performance of carbon dioxide removal systems; and(E)provide project management services for all demonstration-scale projects emerging from the technological carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration portfolio.(c)MissionThe mission of the Office shall include the research, development, and demonstration of direct air capture and carbon mineralization technologies.(d)Lead officeThe National Energy Technology Laboratory shall have the lead responsibility within the Department of Energy for planning and managing research, development, and demonstration activities relating to direct air capture and carbon storage, with the goal of establishing and driving down technology-specific cost targets.(e)Project management requirementsAll projects carried out by the Office shall be subject to rigorous project management requirements and procedures modeled on Department Order 413.3b (relating to program and project management for the acquisition of capital assets) (or a successor order).. Sec. 218. Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management.. (5)ecologically sound, resilience-oriented, and carbon-sequestering forest management techniques, forest restoration, urban tree planting and management, and reforestation such that negative land-use change impacts, such as endangering food security and biodiversity loss, can be avoided; and; (d)Program focus areas(1)Direct air capture and storage technologiesIn carrying out subsection (c)(1), the Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to—(A)contactor design;(B)low- and zero-carbon heat;(C)advanced or unconventional systems and components;(D)scale-up studies and pilot plants;(E)operational data collection;(F)engineering design support for large-scale projects; (G)external techno-economic analyses; and (H)monitoring, reporting, and verification capabilities.(2)Bioenergy with carbon capture and storageIn carrying out subsection (c)(2), the Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to advanced biomass-to-power conversion.(3)Enhanced geological weatheringIn carrying out subsection (c)(3), the Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to—(A)alkalinity resource assessments;(B)pilot studies of ex situ mineralization; and (C)pilot studies of in situ mineralization for carbon storage.(4)Carbon utilizationIn carrying out carbon utilization activities under the program, the Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to the integration of carbonation with carbon dioxide capture processes.(5)Crosscutting activitiesIn carrying out cross-cutting activities under the program, the Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to—(A)carbon dioxide removal data collection and publication;(B)technology cost and performance;(C)integrated carbon systems modeling; and (D)decision science.; (h)Competitive demonstration awards(1)In generalNot later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this subsection the Secretary shall make competitive awards for a portfolio of carbon dioxide removal demonstration projects described in paragraph (2).(2)EligibilitySubject to subsection (e), to be eligible for an award under paragraph (1), a carbon dioxide removal demonstration project shall—(A)use 1 or more technologies and strategies described in subsection (c), including activities described in subsection (i);(B)have a total cost of not less than $10,000,000;(C)be located in the United States or, in the case of ocean-based projects, within the territorial sea or exclusive economic zone of the United States;(D)have the potential for large-scale, cost-effective replication; and(E)meet such other provisions as may be established by the Secretary consistent with the purposes of this section.(3)AllocationIn making awards under paragraph (1), out of the funds provided under subsection (m)(1), the Secretary shall allocate—(A)$500,000,000 to projects with total costs of not less than $10,000,000 and not more than $100,000,000;(B)$750,000,000 to projects—(i)with a total cost of more than $100,000,000; and(ii)under which all captured carbon dioxide is disposed of in geologic storage in saline aquifers; and(C)$750,000,000 to projects with a total cost of more than $100,000,000, without regard to the type of storage.(4)Cost-share(A)In generalExcept as provided in subparagraph (B), with respect to a project receiving an award under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall require that—(i)in the case of a project that disposes of carbon dioxide in geologic storage in an operating oil and gas field, not less than 50 percent of the total project cost shall be provided by a non-Federal source; and(ii)in the case of a project that is not described in clause (i), not less than 20 percent of the total project cost shall be provided by a non-Federal source. (B)Exclusionthe Federal share of the cost of a project receiving an award under paragraph (1) with a total cost of not less than $10,000,000 and not more than $100,000,000 may be up to 100 percent.; and (1)$2,089,000,000 for fiscal year 2024, of which $2,000,000,000 shall be used to carry out subsection (h), to remain available until expended;(2)$217,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;(3)$312,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;(4)$360,000,000 for fiscal year 2027;(5)$440,000,000 for fiscal year 2028;(6)$441,000,000 for fiscal year 2029;(7)$451,000,000 for fiscal year 2030;(8)$424,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;(9)$380,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and(10)$337,000,000 for fiscal year 2033..

102. Energy efficiency and renewable energy The Secretary of Energy shall establish direct air capture as a research priority of the Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies Office, with a focus on improved techniques for low-cost manufacturing of direct air capture components and materials. The Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies Office shall carry out research relating to direct air capture under paragraph (1) in coordination with the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. The Secretary of Energy, acting through the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (referred to in this section as the Assistant Secretary), shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in the areas described in this paragraph. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to integrated catalyst reactor design optimized for carbon dioxide removal and utilization. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to development of new, low-emissions sources of alkalinity for carbon mineralization. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out the activities in clause (i) in collaboration with the Director of the United States Geological Survey. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to design of air contactors for direct air capture with low pressure drop, high surface area, and high longevity. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to low-cost manufacturing of direct air capture components and materials. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary of Energy. The Secretary of Energy shall establish terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal as a research objective in the biomass energy program of the Bioenergy Technologies Office. In carrying out research, development, and demonstration described in paragraph (5), the Secretary of Energy shall seek to advance carbon dioxide removal approaches that generate net-negative emissions based on full lifecycle analysis. In carrying out the full lifecycle analysis described in paragraph (2), the Bioenergy Technologies Office shall consider— the emissions impacts of biomass harvest and processing, including— unintended disturbances to ecosystem carbon stocks; indirect land-use change; and alternative fates of biomass used; the risk of impacts on biodiversity and food security; and the social impacts of any air pollutants. In carrying out research, development, and demonstration described in paragraph (5), the Bioenergy Technologies Office shall— conduct risk assessment of species cultivated or utilized for terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal; and take all feasible and prudent measures to minimize risk of economic, environmental, and social harm caused by invasive species. The Secretary of Energy, acting through the Assistant Secretary, shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in the areas described in subparagraphs (B) through (I). The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to microalgae growth, dewatering, and conversion, including pathways such as bioreactors and non-photosynthetic pathways. The Assistant Secretary, in collaboration with the Director of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, shall establish 1 or more test facilities to conduct innovative approaches for treating biomass for use in fuels and electricity generation, including modeling and analysis of optimizing biomass gathering, upgrading, and supply. In selecting facilities to be established as test facilities under clause (i), the Assistant Secretary shall— consider whether the facility has the capability for small-scale and mobile applications; and prioritize facilities that use waste feedstocks from managed ecosystems, urban areas, and areas damaged by severe weather events. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to— research on conversion pathways, including fast pyrolysis; development of— mobile processing units; and pollutant emissions control technology; and assessments of overall carbon dioxide removal potential. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out the activities under clause (i) in collaboration with the Director of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to biomass to advanced cellulosic ethanol with carbon capture and storage, taking into consideration direct and indirect land-use impacts from biomass feedstocks. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out the activities under clause (i) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to management best practices and phenotype selection for aquatic macroalgae biomass production optimized for carbon dioxide removal, including limited-scale experiments at sea, designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out the activities under clause (i) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to technology development and pilots for aquatic biomass conversion and carbon capture, including possible large-scale ocean-based experiments. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to development of new carbon dioxide utilization products. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out the activities under clause (i) in collaboration with— the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management; and the Administrator of the Agricultural Research Service. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to other terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities not described in subparagraphs (B) through (H), as determined by the Secretary. The Secretary of Energy, acting through the Building Technologies Office, shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection. The Building Technologies Office shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to development, testing, and certification of carbonate materials for construction materials. The Building Technologies Office shall carry out activities under clause (i) in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The Building Technologies Office shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary of Energy. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Energy to carry out this section— $26,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; $54,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; $88,000,000 for fiscal year 2029; $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; $73,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; $53,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and $42,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.

103. Office of Science The Secretary of Energy, acting through the Director of the Office of Science (referred to in this section as the Director), shall carry out use-inspired fundamental research activities in each of the areas described in this subsection. The Director shall carry out research activities relating to the establishment of new energy frontier research centers focused on materials research and early-stage application of sorbents, solvents, membranes, and related direct air capture components. The Director shall make grants and enter into cooperative agreements to carry out materials research relating to sorbents, solvents, membranes, and related direct air capture components. The Director shall carry out research activities relating to plant-root-fungi interactions, deep inversion of soils, and other topics. The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with— the Director of the National Science Foundation; and the Director of the Agricultural Research Service. The Director shall carry out research activities relating to— microalgae growth; dewatering; and conversion, including bioreactors and nonphotosynthetic pathways. The Director shall carry out research activities relating to— mineralization kinetics; geomechanics; rock physics; utilization-oriented carbonation; and other topics. The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation. The Director shall carry out research activities relating to techniques for and ecological impacts of artificial modification of ocean alkalinity. The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation. The Director shall carry research activities and modeling relating to— the effectiveness and ecological impacts of ocean iron fertilization; and nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization. The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with— the Director of the National Science Foundation; and the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Director shall carry out monitoring, research, and modeling on ecological impacts of ocean carbon dioxide removal techniques. The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Director shall carry out research activities relating to— methods to control carbonation reactions; methods to accelerate carbonation; and research to understand structure-property relationships. The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation. The Director shall carry out research activities relating to— impurity-tolerant catalyst development; coupled reduction and oxidation reactions; and reduced additives. The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation. The Director shall carry out research activities relating to development of new materials for capturing and utilizing carbon dioxide, including materials with carbon-carbon bonds. The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation. The Director shall carry out research, development, and demonstration of technologies to improve carbon dioxide uptake, conversion, and product accumulation through genetic manipulation of biological organisms for carbon dioxide removal and utilization. The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation. The Director shall carry out research activities relating to development of tools and high-throughput screening for organisms with unique attributes relating to carbon dioxide conversion. The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the Agricultural Research Service. The Director shall carry out other research on carbon dioxide removal, as determined by the Secretary. The Director shall carry out this section in coordination with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Energy to carry out this section— $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; $65,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; $79,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; $88,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; $84,000,000 for fiscal year 2029; $81,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and $67,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.

204. National Institute of Food and Agriculture The Secretary, acting through the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection. The Secretary shall establish 1 or more test facilities for innovative approaches for treating biomass for use in fuels and electricity generation, including modeling and analysis of optimizing biomass gathering, upgrading, and supply. In carrying out subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall— consider facilities with the capability for small-scale and mobile applications; and prioritize waste feedstocks from managed ecosystems, urban areas, and areas damaged by severe weather events. The Secretary shall— research pathways for the conversion of biomass to fuels with biochar, including fast pyrolysis, development of mobile processing units, and pollution emissions control technology; and conduct relevant assessments of overall carbon dioxide removal potential. The Secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary. In carrying out the activities under subsection (a), the Secretary shall collaborate with the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. In carrying out research, development, and demonstration on biomass as a feedstock, the Secretary shall consider— the emissions impacts of biomass harvest and processing; unintended disturbances to ecosystem carbon stocks; indirect land-use change; alternative fates of biomass used; and the social impacts of any air pollutants. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section— $6,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 through 2030; $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; $18,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.

205. Agricultural Research Service The Secretary, acting through the Agricultural Research Service, shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection. The Secretary shall carry out fundamental research on plant-root-fungi interactions, deep inversion of soils, and other topics with the potential to advance carbon dioxide removal. The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with— the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy; and the Director of the National Science Foundation. The Secretary shall carry out development of advanced cultivars and forestry crops with enhanced carbon uptake and retention. The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Chief of the Forest Service. The Secretary shall carry out research on regionally specific best practices for soil health and carbon retention at not fewer than 10 sites, including at least 1 site in a tropical region. The Secretary shall consider co-locating sites described in subparagraph (A) with sites used by the National Resource Inventory of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Long Term Ecological Research Network, the National Ecological Observatory Network, and the Forest Inventory and Analysis Program. The Secretary shall carry out research on integrating regionally appropriate trees and shrubs into crop and animal farming systems as a carbon dioxide removal practice at no fewer than 5 geographically diverse test sites. The Secretary shall carry out research into the use of perennial plants for carbon dioxide removal, including research on— genetic traits; improved soil carbon sequestration modeling; perennialization of useful annual crops; and greater use on marginal land. The Secretary shall carry out research and field studies on the longevity and impact of soil amendments, such as biochar and reactive minerals, on productivity, soil carbon retention, nutrient and water use, albedo, and other factors. The Secretary shall carry out research to improve existing carbon sequestration measurement and modeling tools and the development of simulation-based tools to predict and quantify soil carbon sequestration. The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation. The Secretary shall carry out activities relating to increasing the capacity of Department climate hubs and other research units to deliver climate- and carbon dioxide removal-related science and tools to farmers, ranchers, and forest planners and managers. The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Chief of the Forest Service. The Secretary shall carry out activities relating to the development of tools and high-throughput screening for organisms with unique attributes relating to carbon dioxide conversion. The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy. The Secretary shall carry out activities relating to development of new carbon dioxide utilization products. The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of Energy. The Secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section— $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; $52,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; $61,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; $72,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028; and $68,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 through 2033.

206. Natural Resources Conservation Service The Secretary, acting through the Natural Resources Conservation Service, shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection. The Secretary shall carry out revisions to the National Resources Inventory system of the National Resources Conservation Service— to include measuring greenhouse gasses, including carbon stocks and fluxes; to include additional sites; and to expand remote sensing to increase frequency and geospatial resolution. The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Secretary shall carry out revisions to the Conservation Effects Assessment Project of the Natural Resources Conservation Service to collect more frequent and robust data on how conservation practices impact greenhouse gas fluxes. The Secretary shall carry out— projects to identify barriers to adoption of agricultural carbon sequestration technologies; and extension of tools and practices, and research to promote uptake using existing conservation programs of the Department. The Secretary shall carry out social science research on uptake of agricultural carbon sequestration technologies and practices to inform outreach. The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in consultation with the Administrator of the Economic Research Service. The Secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section— $6,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2026; $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028; and $6,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 through 2033.

207. Forest Service The Secretary, acting through the Chief of the Forest Service, shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in at each of the areas described in this subsection. The Secretary shall carry out activities relating to improving— capacity of the Forest Inventory and Analysis program to monitor forest carbon, including through remote sensing to increase frequency and geospatial resolution; and forest carbon measurement and monitoring technologies, including satellite and remote sensing technologies. The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Secretary shall carry out activities relating to technical, economic, and social modeling of impacts on land use from avoided conversion of grasslands and forests, reforestation, conservation, afforestation, and forest management changes. The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation. The Secretary shall carry out activities, at not fewer than 5 geographically diverse sites, relating to conducting large-scale field experiments of best practices for forest management and restoration that optimize carbon dioxide removal while maintaining and enhancing ecosystems. The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Administrator for Research and Development of the Environmental Protection Agency. The Secretary shall carry out research and field experiments on enhancements to forest management practices for carbon dioxide removal to reflect emerging needs due to the impact of climate change on forests over time. The Secretary shall carry out activities relating to the design and demonstration of landfills for woody biomass disposal and carbon storage. The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Administrator for Research and Development of the Environmental Protection Agency. The Secretary shall carry out social science research and extension programs to promote uptake of forest management carbon sequestration technologies and practices. The Secretary shall carry out activities to increase the capacity of Department climate hubs and other research units to deliver climate and carbon dioxide removal-related science and tools to forest planners and managers. The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the Agricultural Research Service. The Secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section— $24,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2026; $16,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028; and $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 through 2033.

301. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration In this section, the term Under Secretary means the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere. The Secretary of Commerce shall incorporate carbon dioxide removal scientific objectives into the mission responsibilities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for oceans and coastal area programs. In carrying out research, development, and demonstration under this section, the Under Secretary shall seek to develop a better understanding of the efficacy and impacts of carbon dioxide removal approaches in coastal areas and the ocean to help determine which could be feasible for larger scale deployment. In carrying out research, development, and demonstration under this section, the Under Secretary shall conform to national and international governance frameworks and employ stringent monitoring to understand and minimize negative ecosystem and social impacts and maximize co-benefits for communities and marine ecosystems. The Climate Program Office of the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (referred to in this subsection as the Office) shall serve as the focal point for coordination and information dissemination on carbon dioxide removal activities across the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, with an emphasis on technological approaches. The Office shall— coordinate all National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration on technologically enhanced coastal and ocean carbon capture, conversion, and storage; support the development and application of technologically enhanced methods of coastal and ocean carbon dioxide removal consistent with the research objectives and considerations described in subsection (c); and ensure effective utilization of the ocean research assets of the Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the Coast Guard in implementing carbon dioxide removal research projects. The Director of the Office shall— coordinate existing ocean acidification monitoring and data collection programs in existence as of the date of enactment of this Act with the carbon dioxide removal research portfolio of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and modify existing ocean acidification program plans to incorporate carbon dioxide removal research objectives. The Under Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection. The Under Secretary shall carry out fundamental research of coastal ecosystem carbon dioxide sequestration. The Under Secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation. The Under Secretary shall carry out mapping and evaluation of coastal marine ecosystems for carbon dioxide removal potential. The Under Secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Under Secretary shall carry out monitored field trials of coastal wetlands restoration optimized for carbon dioxide removal. The Under Secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in coordination with the grant program under section 906 of the National Oceans and Coastal Security Act (16 U.S.C. 7505) and the Ecosystem Management and Restoration Research Program of the Corps of Engineers. The Under Secretary shall integrate data on coastal ecosystem carbon dioxide removal research into the Digital Coast program established under section 4(a) of the Digital Coast Act (16 U.S.C. 1467(a)). The Under Secretary shall conduct research and modeling on the effect of ocean circulation on carbon dioxide uptake from the atmosphere in response to intentional carbon dioxide removal from the ocean. The Under Secretary shall research management best practices and phenotype selection for and use of aquatic macroalgae biomass production optimized for carbon dioxide removal, including limited-scale experiments at sea, designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment. The Under Secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of Energy. The Under Secretary shall take all feasible and prudent measures to minimize risk of economic, environmental, and social harm caused by invasive species. The Under Secretary shall conduct limited-scale experiments on alkalinity enhancement techniques at sea, designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment. The Under Secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation. The Under Secretary shall conduct research and modeling on electrochemical seawater extraction, including process design and locations for minimizing resource requirements, downstream chemical and biological impacts, and storage or utilization methods. The Under Secretary shall conduct fundamental research and modeling on the impacts and effectiveness of ocean iron fertilization and nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization research. The Under Secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation and the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy. The Under Secretary shall conduct limited-scale experiments on ocean macronutrient fertilization, designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment and within internationally recognized frameworks. The Under Secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation. The Under Secretary shall conduct research on the impact and effectiveness of upwelling and downwelling as a carbon dioxide removal approach. The Under Secretary shall conduct monitoring, research, modeling, and small-scale field trials on ecological and social impacts of coastal and deep ocean carbon dioxide removal techniques. The Under Secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy. The Under Secretary shall conduct enhanced ocean, coastal, and atmospheric monitoring, quantification, and verification of carbon dioxide removal. The Under Secretary shall conduct other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Under Secretary. In carrying out the activities under subsection (e), the Under Secretary shall receive input from the Director of the Office. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere to carry out subsection (d)— $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; $124,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; $148,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2029; $138,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; $126,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; $117,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and $105,000,000 for fiscal year 2033. In carrying out this section, the Under Secretary, acting through the Director of the Office, shall— coordinate with the Secretary of State and appropriate international entities; ensure compliance with all current international agreements, including voluntary compliance agreements where the United States is not an official signatory; and to the extent practicable, seek joint sponsorship for experiments.

302. National Institute of Standards and Technology The Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (referred to in this section as the Director), shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection. The Director shall develop standard reference materials and standard testing procedures for technologies and processes related to carbon dioxide removal. The Director shall develop, test, and establish standards for carbonate or carbon-sequestering materials for construction markets. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of Energy. The Director shall conduct other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology to carry out this section— $4,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2026; $7,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 through 2029; $2,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2030 through 2032; and $1,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.

401. Corps of Engineers The Secretary of Defense, acting through the Chief of Engineers, shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection. The Secretary of Defense, acting through the Chief of Engineers, shall carry out monitored field trials of coastal wetlands restoration optimized for carbon dioxide removal. The Secretary of Defense, acting through the Chief of Engineers, shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in coordination with the grant program under section 906 of the National Oceans and Coastal Security Act (16 U.S.C. 7505) and the Coastal Resilience Grants Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Secretary of Defense, acting through the Chief of Engineers, shall conduct other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary of Defense. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Defense to carry out this section— $24,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; $45,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2027; $53,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2028 through 2030; and $25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2031 through 2033.

501. United States Geological Survey The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Director of the United States Geological Survey (referred to in this section as the Director), shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection. The Director shall— carry out mapping and technical and economic assessments of geological resources, mine tailings, and other alkaline industrial wastes for mineralization; and establish of a public database of results of the mapping and assessments carried out under clause (i). The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy. The Director shall carry out field experiments on carbon-sequestering waste materials, including mine tailings and industrial wastes. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with— the Assistant Secretary for of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy; the Assistant Administrator for of Research and Development of the Environmental Protection Agency; and the director of the Bureau of Land Management. The Director shall carry out research on the environmental impacts of broadcasting materials, including disturbing piles of mine tailings. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with— the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy; and the Assistant Administrator for Research and Development of the Environmental Protection Agency. The Director shall carry out research on the environmental and social impacts of expanded mining activities for the purpose of mineralization, including the net carbon impact of those activities. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with— the Director of the National Science Foundation; the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy; and the Assistant Administrator for Research and Development of the Environmental Protection Agency. The Director shall carry out development of new, low-emissions sources of alkalinity for carbon mineralization and new mineralization processes, such as looping and direct air capture hybrids. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of Energy. The Director shall establish not more than 6 regional partnerships, the membership of which may be made up of 1 or more— institutions of higher education; State entities; Federal entities; Indian Tribes (as defined in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 5304)); Native Hawaiian organizations (as defined in section 6207 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7517)); nongovernmental organizations; and other relevant entities. The purpose of a regional partnership established under subparagraph (A) shall be— to characterize regional resources for mineralization; and to carry out field experiments and small-scale demonstration projects for mineralization. The Director shall carry out the activities described in this paragraph in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy. The Director shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary of the Interior. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Interior to carry out this section— $13,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; $19,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; $22,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2030; $21,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2031 and 2032; and $18,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.

601. Federal Highway Administration In this section: The term carbon-sequestering new material means a novel formulation of cement, concrete, or aggregate that allows captured carbon dioxide to be sequestered, including— carbon dioxide-adsorbing materials; carbon dioxide-absorbing materials; carbon dioxide-cured cement and concrete; new aggregate materials made from mineral carbonization; cement formulations that substitute clinker with other materials, subject to the condition that such other materials comprise not less than 50 percent of the cement formulation; and additional materials as designated by the Secretary. The term program means the research, development, and demonstration program established under subsection (b). The term Secretary means the Secretary of Transportation. The Secretary shall establish a program to carry out research, development, and demonstration activities for the use of carbon-sequestering new materials to lower the carbon impact of highway construction materials and public transportation construction materials. In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall carry out research on mineral carbonation for use in carbon-sequestering new materials. The research under subparagraph (A) shall be informed by the recommendations of the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine in chapter 11 of the consensus study report entitled Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization: Status and Research Needs and published in 2019. In carrying out the program, the Secretary, in coordination with standard-setting organizations, such as the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, shall carry out research— on the durability, strength, and stability of carbon-sequestering new materials; and to support the development of the necessary standards required for the use of carbon-sequestering new materials. Based on the results of the research under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall coordinate and consult with other necessary governmental and nongovernmental entities, including the entities described in subparagraph (A), to support the development of standards for the use of carbon-sequestering new materials. In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall provide grants to a geographically diverse set of States to assist those States in adopting State standards for the procurement of carbon-sequestering new materials in highway and public transportation construction. In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall carry out lifecycle assessments of the greenhouse gas emissions associated with carbon-sequestering new materials. The Secretary shall coordinate with— the Secretary of Energy in carrying out paragraph (1); the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency in carrying out paragraph (4); and other Federal agencies as necessary to carry out the activities described in this subsection. Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall establish a program to provide grants to eligible entities to assist those entities in procuring carbon-sequestering new materials for eligible uses described in paragraph (4). An entity eligible to receive a grant under this subsection is— a State; a federally recognized Indian Tribe; or a unit of local government. To be eligible to receive a grant under this subsection, an eligible entity shall submit to the Secretary an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary determines to be appropriate. An eligible entity may use a grant under this subsection to procure and use carbon-sequestering new materials for— a highway or bridge project eligible for assistance under title 23, United States Code; a public transportation project eligible for assistance under chapter 53 of title 49, United States Code; and any other transportation infrastructure project as the Secretary determines to be appropriate. A project described in paragraph (4)(A) shall be subject to the requirements under title 23, United States Code, that would apply if the project was carried out under that title. A project described in paragraph (4)(B) shall be subject to the requirements under chapter 53 of title 49, United States Code, that would apply if the project was carried out under that chapter. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section— $32,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; $57,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; $62,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; $67,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; and $72,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2028 through 2033. Of the amounts made available under paragraph (1) for each fiscal year— $10,000,000 shall be for research under subsection (c)(1); $10,000,000 shall be for research under subsection (c)(2); $10,000,000 shall be for grants for States under subsection (c)(3); and $2,000,000 shall be for lifecycle assessments under subsection (c)(4). Of the amounts made available under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall use to carry out the grant program under subsection (d)— $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; and $40,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2028 through 2033. Amounts made available under paragraph (1) shall be available for obligation in the same manner as if those amounts were apportioned under chapter 1 of title 23, United States Code.

701. Office of research and development The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, acting through the Assistant Administrator of Research and Development (referred to in this section as the Assistant Administrator), shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection. The Assistant Administrator shall carry out a lifecycle assessment of the environmental impacts of direct air capture, including— greenhouse gas emissions; air and water pollutants; water use; and land use. The Assistant Administrator shall design and conduct a demonstration of landfills for woody biomass disposal and carbon storage; The Assistant Administrator shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Chief of the Forest Service. The Assistant Administrator shall conduct research on the environmental impacts of mineralization, including broadcasting materials, disturbing piles of mine tailings, and expanded mining activities. The Assistant Administrator shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with— the Director of the National Science Foundation; the Director of the United States Geological Survey; and the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy. The Assistant Administrator shall conduct research on decision science, social impacts, and public engagement on carbon dioxide removal technologies and methods. The Assistant Administrator shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with— the Director of the National Science Foundation; and the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy. The Assistant Administrator shall carry out a life cycle analysis of the impact of biomass use in carbon dioxide removal technologies, including— emissions sequestered in materials; emissions impacts of biomass harvest, processing, and transportation; unintended disturbances to ecosystem carbon stocks; indirect land-use change; and alternative fates of biomass used. In carrying out the analysis under subparagraph (A), the Assistant Administrator shall consider the social impacts of air pollution relating to biofuel and biomass combustion. The Assistant Administrator shall carry out the activities described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of Energy. The Assistant Administrator shall carry out a technoeconomic and lifecycle assessment of various mineralization pathways and research on protocols for monitoring and verification of carbon removed or sequestered through mineralization. The Assistant Administrator shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to carry out this section— $24,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; $28,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; $32,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028; $34,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 and 2030; $31,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2031 and 2032; and $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.

801. Earth science division program The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (referred to in this section as the Administrator) shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection. The Administrator shall carry out a long-term collection of continuous spaceborne LiDAR data to measure and track carbon stocks and carbon cycling in aboveground biomass, through extension of the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation mission, or through other missions with similar or improved capacity. The Administrator shall carry out mapping and evaluation of coastal marine ecosystems for carbon dioxide removal potential, including— wetlands; peatlands; and seagrass beds. The Administrator shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Administrator shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Administrator. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator to carry out this section— $53,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 and 2025; and $8,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2033.

901. Directorate for biological sciences The Director of the National Science Foundation (referred to in this section as the Director) shall award funding for research activities in each of the areas described in this subsection. The Director shall award funding for research to improve carbon dioxide uptake and conversion through genetic manipulation of biological materials for carbon dioxide removal and utilization and research on the potential ecological impacts of those improvements. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with— the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy; the Secretary of Agriculture; and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. The Director shall award funding for other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the Director of the National Science Foundation. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry out this section— $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; $3,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2033.

902. Directorate for engineering The Director of the National Science Foundation (referred to in this section as the Director) shall award funding for research activities in each of the following areas described in this subsection. The Director shall award funding for research and development on the integration of carbonation with carbon dioxide capture processes. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy. The Director shall award funding for other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the Director. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry out this section— $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and $3,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2033.

903. Directorate for geosciences The Director of the National Science Foundation (referred to in this section as the Director) shall award funding for research activities in each of the following areas described in this subsection. The Director shall award funding for fundamental research on plant-root-fungi interactions, deep inversion of soils, and other topics with the potential to advance carbon dioxide removal. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with— the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy; and the Administrator of the Agricultural Research Service. The Director shall award funding for research to improve existing carbon sequestration modeling tools and the development of simulation-based tools to predict and quantify soil carbon sequestration. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with— the Administrator of the Agricultural Research Service; and the heads of other offices in the Department of Agriculture, as determined by the Secretary of Agriculture. The Director shall award funding for fundamental research on mineralization kinetics, geomechanics, rock physics, and utilization-oriented carbonation with the potential to advance carbon dioxide removal. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy. The Director shall award funding for field drilling and injection in reactive formations (including peridotite and basalt) to advance understanding of carbon mineralization. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy. The Director shall award funding for research on the environmental and social impacts of expanded mining activities for the purpose of mineralization, including net carbon impact. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with— the Director of the United States Geological Survey; the Assistant Administrator for Research and Development of the Environmental Protection Agency; and the Assistant Secretary for Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy. The Director shall award funding for fundamental research on coastal ecosystem carbon dioxide sequestration. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Director shall award funding for fundamental and applied research on techniques for and impacts of artificial modification of ocean alkalinity, including limited-scale experiments on alkalinity enhancement techniques at sea, designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment and within internationally recognized frameworks. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with— the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy; and the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Director shall award funding for fundamental research and modeling on the impacts and effectiveness of ocean iron fertilization and nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization research. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with— the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy; and the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Director shall award funding for limited-scale experiments to stimulate and measure large phytoplankton blooms, designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment and within internationally recognized frameworks. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Director shall award funding for limited-scale experiments on ocean macronutrient fertilization, designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment and within internationally recognized frameworks. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Director shall award funding for other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the Director. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry out this section— $21,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; $34,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; $61,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; $73,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028; $68,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 and 2030; $65,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; and $60,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2032 and 2033.

904. Directorate for mathematical and physical sciences The Director of the National Science Foundation (referred to in this section as the Director) shall award funding for research activities in each of the following areas described in this subsection. The Director shall establish a new National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center focused on materials research and early-stage application of sorbents, solvents, membranes, and related direct air capture components. The Director shall award funding for materials research on sorbents, solvents, membranes, and related direct air capture components. The Director shall award funding for research to control carbonation reactions, accelerate carbonation, and understand structure-property relationships. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy. The Director shall award funding for research on impurity-tolerant catalyst development, coupled reduction and oxidation reactions, and reduced additives. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy. The Director shall award funding for development of new materials for capturing and utilizing carbon dioxide, including materials with carbon-carbon bonds. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy. The Director shall award funding for other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the Director. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry out this section— $11,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; $28,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; $32,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 and 2027; $38,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2028 and 2029; $33,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; $28,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; $23,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and $18,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.

905. Directorate for social, behavioral, and economic sciences The Director of the National Science Foundation (referred to in this section as the Director) shall award funding for research activities in each of the following areas described in this subsection. The Director shall award funding for technical, economic, and social modeling of impacts on land use from avoided conversion of grasslands and forests, reforestation, conservation, afforestation, and forest management changes. The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Secretary of Agriculture. The Director shall award funding for technical, economic, and social modeling of impacts on land and energy use from direct air capture, including future electricity grid mix scenarios. The Director shall award funding for research on the ethical, legal, and social implications of biotechnology use in carbon dioxide removal. The Director shall award funding for research into governance frameworks for safe and sustainable experimentation with ocean-based carbon dioxide removal. The Director shall award funding for other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the Director. There is authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry out this section $12,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2033.