HR4986-118

1. Short title; table of contents This Act may be cited as the Student Loan Interest Elimination Act. The table of contents for this Act is as follows:

101. Program authority Section 451(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1087a(a)) is amended— by striking There are hereby made available and inserting After using funds available from the Education Affordability Trust Fund in accordance with section 494A, there are hereby made available; by striking and (2) and inserting (2); and by inserting ; and (3) to make loans under section 460A(b) after section 459A.

102. Program for the loan modification of eligible Federal Direct loans, and refinancing of other Federal student loans Part D of title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1087a et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: The Secretary shall establish and implement, with respect to each borrower of an eligible Federal direct loan, procedures to— modify, without any action from the borrower, the terms of such loan so that beginning on July 1, 2024, no interest shall accrue on such loan; and allow the borrower, at any time, to opt out of the loan modification under paragraph (1) for such loan. The Secretary shall establish and implement, with respect to each borrower of an eligible non-Federal direct loan, procedures to— refinance such loan in accordance with procedures listed in paragraph (2); and allow the borrower, at any time, to opt out of the loan refinancing under subparagraph (A) for such loan. In refinancing an eligible non-Federal direct loan with respect to a borrower of such loan, the Secretary shall carry out the following: The Secretary shall make a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan under this subsection, in an amount equal to the sum of the unpaid principal, accrued unpaid interest, and late charges of the eligible non-Federal direct loan. The Secretary shall pay the proceeds of such Federal Direct Consolidation Loan to the holder of the eligible non-Federal direct loan, in order to discharge the borrower from any remaining obligation with respect to such eligible non-Federal direct loan. A Federal Direct Consolidation Loan made under this subsection shall have the same terms and conditions as a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan that was not made under this subsection, except— that the Secretary may adjust such terms and conditions as necessary to enable the borrower to access loan forgiveness or other benefits available to the borrower under the loan before refinancing under this subsection, in any case where such benefits are more generous than provided under a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan; and as otherwise provided in this subsection. Notwithstanding section 455(c), the Secretary may not charge a borrower of a loan made under this subsection an origination fee for such loan. No interest shall accrue on a loan that is made under this subsection. A loan made under this subsection shall not result in the extension of the duration of the repayment period of the original loan, and the borrower shall retain the same repayment term that was in effect on the original loan. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to prevent a borrower from electing a different repayment plan at any time in accordance with section 455(d)(3). Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent a borrower of a Federal student loan described in subparagraph (B) or (C) of subsection (d)(2) from consolidating such loans with other loans eligible for consolidation under this section, or to require such a borrower to consolidate such loans with other Federal student loans into a single consolidation loan under this section. Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of Student Loan Interest Elimination Act, and on an annual basis thereafter, the Secretary shall submit a report to the authorizing committees that includes— the total number of borrowers whose loans have been modified or refinanced under this section during the preceding year; and the number of such borrowers who are delinquent in making payments on such a loan. In this section: The term eligible Federal direct loan means a— a loan made under this part, and first disbursed before July 1, 2024; a loan made, insured, or guaranteed under part B, and which is held by the Secretary; a loan made under part E, and which is held by the Secretary; or a loan made under subpart 1 of part A of title VII of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 292 et seq.), and which is held by the Secretary. The term eligible non-Federal direct loan means a loan— made, insured, or guaranteed under part B, and which is not held by the Secretary; made under part E, and which is not held by the Secretary; or made under— subpart I of part A of title VII of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 292 et seq.), and which is not held by the Secretary; subpart II of part A of title VII of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 292q et seq.), and in the case of a loan made under section 723 of such Act (42 U.S.C. 292s), only if the borrower of the loan has completed the full period of service, practice, or training that was imposed as a condition on receipt of such loan; or part E of title VIII of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 297a et seq.), and in the case of a loan made under section 846A of such Act (42 U.S.C. 297n—1), only if the borrower has completed the 4-years of full-time employment as a faculty member at a school of nursing as described in subsection (c)(3) of such section 846A. The term original loan, used with respect to a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan made under subsection (b), means a loan for which a borrower’s liability is discharged by such Federal Direct Consolidation Loan. Section 455(e) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1087e(e)) is amended by adding at the end the following new paragraph: For purposes of paragraph (7), the period of time during which a borrower of a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan made under section 460A(b) has made monthly payments shall be calculated in the manner described in section 493C(f). Section 493C of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1098e) is amended by adding at the end the following: In calculating the period of time during which a borrower of a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan that is made under section 460A(b) has made monthly payments for the purposes of subsection (b)(7), the Secretary shall— review the borrower’s payment history to identify each component loan of such Federal Direct Consolidation Loan; for each such component loan— calculate the weighted factor of the component loan, which shall be the factor that represents the portion of such Federal Direct Consolidation Loan that is attributable to such component loan; and determine the number of qualifying monthly payments made on such component loan before consolidation; calculate the number of qualifying monthly payments determined under subparagraph (B)(ii) with respect to a component loan that shall be deemed as qualifying monthly payments made on the Federal Direct Consolidation Loan by multiplying— the weighted factor of such component loan as determined under subparagraph (B)(i); by the number of qualifying monthly payments made on such component loan as determined under subparagraph (B)(ii); and calculate and inform the borrower of the total number of qualifying monthly payments with respect to the component loans of the Federal Direct Consolidation Loan that shall be deemed as qualifying monthly payments made on the refinanced Federal Consolidation Loan, by— adding together the result of each calculation made under subparagraph (C) with respect to each such component loan; and rounding the number determined under clause (i) to the nearest whole number. In this subsection, the term component loan, used with respect to a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan, means a loan for which the liability was discharged by the proceeds of such Federal Direct Consolidation Loan. The Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.) is amended— in section 428C(a)(3)(B)(i)(V) (20 U.S.C. 1078–3(3)(B)(i)(V))— by striking the period at the end of item (cc) and inserting a semicolon; by striking the period at the end of item (dd) and inserting ; or; and by adding at the end the following: for the purpose of obtaining a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan under section 460A(b). 460A.Program for the loan modification of eligible Federal Direct loans, and refinancing of other Federal student loans(a)Federal Direct Loan ModificationThe Secretary shall establish and implement, with respect to each borrower of an eligible Federal direct loan, procedures to—(1)modify, without any action from the borrower, the terms of such loan so that beginning on July 1, 2024, no interest shall accrue on such loan; and(2)allow the borrower, at any time, to opt out of the loan modification under paragraph (1) for such loan.(b)Refinancing eligible non-Federal direct loans as Federal Direct Consolidation Loans(1)In generalThe Secretary shall establish and implement, with respect to each borrower of an eligible non-Federal direct loan, procedures to—(A)refinance such loan in accordance with procedures listed in paragraph (2); and(B)allow the borrower, at any time, to opt out of the loan refinancing under subparagraph (A) for such loan.(2)ProceduresIn refinancing an eligible non-Federal direct loan with respect to a borrower of such loan, the Secretary shall carry out the following:(A)The Secretary shall make a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan under this subsection, in an amount equal to the sum of the unpaid principal, accrued unpaid interest, and late charges of the eligible non-Federal direct loan.(B)The Secretary shall pay the proceeds of such Federal Direct Consolidation Loan to the holder of the eligible non-Federal direct loan, in order to discharge the borrower from any remaining obligation with respect to such eligible non-Federal direct loan.(3)Terms and conditions of refinanced loans(A)In generalA Federal Direct Consolidation Loan made under this subsection shall have the same terms and conditions as a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan that was not made under this subsection, except—(i)that the Secretary may adjust such terms and conditions as necessary to enable the borrower to access loan forgiveness or other benefits available to the borrower under the loan before refinancing under this subsection, in any case where such benefits are more generous than provided under a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan; and(ii)as otherwise provided in this subsection.(B)No origination feesNotwithstanding section 455(c), the Secretary may not charge a borrower of a loan made under this subsection an origination fee for such loan.(C)Interest ratesNo interest shall accrue on a loan that is made under this subsection.(D)No automatic extension of repayment periodA loan made under this subsection shall not result in the extension of the duration of the repayment period of the original loan, and the borrower shall retain the same repayment term that was in effect on the original loan. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to prevent a borrower from electing a different repayment plan at any time in accordance with section 455(d)(3).(E)Rule of constructionNothing in this section shall be construed to prevent a borrower of a Federal student loan described in subparagraph (B) or (C) of subsection (d)(2) from consolidating such loans with other loans eligible for consolidation under this section, or to require such a borrower to consolidate such loans with other Federal student loans into a single consolidation loan under this section.(c)ReportNot later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of Student Loan Interest Elimination Act, and on an annual basis thereafter, the Secretary shall submit a report to the authorizing committees that includes—(1)the total number of borrowers whose loans have been modified or refinanced under this section during the preceding year; and(2)the number of such borrowers who are delinquent in making payments on such a loan.(d)DefinitionsIn this section:(1)Eligible Federal direct loanThe term eligible Federal direct loan means a—(A)a loan made under this part, and first disbursed before July 1, 2024;(B)a loan made, insured, or guaranteed under part B, and which is held by the Secretary;(C)a loan made under part E, and which is held by the Secretary; or(D)a loan made under subpart 1 of part A of title VII of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 292 et seq.), and which is held by the Secretary.(2)Eligible non-Federal direct loanThe term eligible non-Federal direct loan means a loan—(A)made, insured, or guaranteed under part B, and which is not held by the Secretary;(B)made under part E, and which is not held by the Secretary; or(C)made under—(i)subpart I of part A of title VII of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 292 et seq.), and which is not held by the Secretary;(ii)subpart II of part A of title VII of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 292q et seq.), and in the case of a loan made under section 723 of such Act (42 U.S.C. 292s), only if the borrower of the loan has completed the full period of service, practice, or training that was imposed as a condition on receipt of such loan; or(iii)part E of title VIII of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 297a et seq.), and in the case of a loan made under section 846A of such Act (42 U.S.C. 297n—1), only if the borrower has completed the 4-years of full-time employment as a faculty member at a school of nursing as described in subsection (c)(3) of such section 846A.(3)Original loanThe term original loan, used with respect to a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan made under subsection (b), means a loan for which a borrower’s liability is discharged by such Federal Direct Consolidation Loan.. (9)Special rule for refinanced loansFor purposes of paragraph (7), the period of time during which a borrower of a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan made under section 460A(b) has made monthly payments shall be calculated in the manner described in section 493C(f).. (f)Special rule for refinanced loans(1)Refinanced Federal Direct Consolidation LoansIn calculating the period of time during which a borrower of a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan that is made under section 460A(b) has made monthly payments for the purposes of subsection (b)(7), the Secretary shall—(A)review the borrower’s payment history to identify each component loan of such Federal Direct Consolidation Loan;(B)for each such component loan—(i)calculate the weighted factor of the component loan, which shall be the factor that represents the portion of such Federal Direct Consolidation Loan that is attributable to such component loan; and(ii)determine the number of qualifying monthly payments made on such component loan before consolidation;(C)calculate the number of qualifying monthly payments determined under subparagraph (B)(ii) with respect to a component loan that shall be deemed as qualifying monthly payments made on the Federal Direct Consolidation Loan by multiplying—(i)the weighted factor of such component loan as determined under subparagraph (B)(i); by(ii)the number of qualifying monthly payments made on such component loan as determined under subparagraph (B)(ii); and(D)calculate and inform the borrower of the total number of qualifying monthly payments with respect to the component loans of the Federal Direct Consolidation Loan that shall be deemed as qualifying monthly payments made on the refinanced Federal Consolidation Loan, by—(i)adding together the result of each calculation made under subparagraph (C) with respect to each such component loan; and(ii)rounding the number determined under clause (i) to the nearest whole number.(2)Component loan definedIn this subsection, the term component loan, used with respect to a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan, means a loan for which the liability was discharged by the proceeds of such Federal Direct Consolidation Loan.. (ee)for the purpose of obtaining a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan under section 460A(b)..

460A. Program for the loan modification of eligible Federal Direct loans, and refinancing of other Federal student loans The Secretary shall establish and implement, with respect to each borrower of an eligible Federal direct loan, procedures to— modify, without any action from the borrower, the terms of such loan so that beginning on July 1, 2024, no interest shall accrue on such loan; and allow the borrower, at any time, to opt out of the loan modification under paragraph (1) for such loan. The Secretary shall establish and implement, with respect to each borrower of an eligible non-Federal direct loan, procedures to— refinance such loan in accordance with procedures listed in paragraph (2); and allow the borrower, at any time, to opt out of the loan refinancing under subparagraph (A) for such loan. In refinancing an eligible non-Federal direct loan with respect to a borrower of such loan, the Secretary shall carry out the following: The Secretary shall make a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan under this subsection, in an amount equal to the sum of the unpaid principal, accrued unpaid interest, and late charges of the eligible non-Federal direct loan. The Secretary shall pay the proceeds of such Federal Direct Consolidation Loan to the holder of the eligible non-Federal direct loan, in order to discharge the borrower from any remaining obligation with respect to such eligible non-Federal direct loan. A Federal Direct Consolidation Loan made under this subsection shall have the same terms and conditions as a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan that was not made under this subsection, except— that the Secretary may adjust such terms and conditions as necessary to enable the borrower to access loan forgiveness or other benefits available to the borrower under the loan before refinancing under this subsection, in any case where such benefits are more generous than provided under a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan; and as otherwise provided in this subsection. Notwithstanding section 455(c), the Secretary may not charge a borrower of a loan made under this subsection an origination fee for such loan. No interest shall accrue on a loan that is made under this subsection. A loan made under this subsection shall not result in the extension of the duration of the repayment period of the original loan, and the borrower shall retain the same repayment term that was in effect on the original loan. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to prevent a borrower from electing a different repayment plan at any time in accordance with section 455(d)(3). Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent a borrower of a Federal student loan described in subparagraph (B) or (C) of subsection (d)(2) from consolidating such loans with other loans eligible for consolidation under this section, or to require such a borrower to consolidate such loans with other Federal student loans into a single consolidation loan under this section. Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of Student Loan Interest Elimination Act, and on an annual basis thereafter, the Secretary shall submit a report to the authorizing committees that includes— the total number of borrowers whose loans have been modified or refinanced under this section during the preceding year; and the number of such borrowers who are delinquent in making payments on such a loan. In this section: The term eligible Federal direct loan means a— a loan made under this part, and first disbursed before July 1, 2024; a loan made, insured, or guaranteed under part B, and which is held by the Secretary; a loan made under part E, and which is held by the Secretary; or a loan made under subpart 1 of part A of title VII of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 292 et seq.), and which is held by the Secretary. The term eligible non-Federal direct loan means a loan— made, insured, or guaranteed under part B, and which is not held by the Secretary; made under part E, and which is not held by the Secretary; or made under— subpart I of part A of title VII of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 292 et seq.), and which is not held by the Secretary; subpart II of part A of title VII of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 292q et seq.), and in the case of a loan made under section 723 of such Act (42 U.S.C. 292s), only if the borrower of the loan has completed the full period of service, practice, or training that was imposed as a condition on receipt of such loan; or part E of title VIII of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 297a et seq.), and in the case of a loan made under section 846A of such Act (42 U.S.C. 297n—1), only if the borrower has completed the 4-years of full-time employment as a faculty member at a school of nursing as described in subsection (c)(3) of such section 846A. The term original loan, used with respect to a Federal Direct Consolidation Loan made under subsection (b), means a loan for which a borrower’s liability is discharged by such Federal Direct Consolidation Loan.

201. Applicable rates of interest for loans made on or after July 1, 2024 Section 455(b)(8) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1087e(b)(8)) is amended— in the paragraph heading, by inserting and before July 1, 2024 after July 1, 2013; in subparagraph (A), by inserting and before July 1, 2024 after July 1, 2013; in subparagraph (B), by inserting and before July 1, 2024 after July 1, 2013; in subparagraph (C), by inserting and before July 1, 2024 after July 1, 2013; in subparagraph (D), by inserting and before July 1, 2024 after July 1, 2013; by redesignating subparagraph (F) as subparagraph (G); and by inserting after subparagraph (E) the following: Notwithstanding the preceding subparagraphs of this paragraph, for Federal Direct Unsubsidized Stafford Loans, Federal Direct PLUS Loans, and Federal Direct Consolidation Loans for which the first disbursement is made, or the application is received, on or after July 1, 2024, the applicable rate of interest shall be as follows: For a loan that is disbursed to a borrower with a total adjusted available income (as determined for the most recent award year for which data is available) that is not more than 400 percent of the applicable area median income, 0 percent on the unpaid principal balance of the loan. For a loan that is disbursed to a borrower with a total adjusted available income (as determined for the most recent award year for which data is available) that is more than 400 percent of the applicable area median income, but not more than 500 percent of such applicable median income, 1 percent on the unpaid principal balance of the loan. For a loan that is disbursed to a borrower with a total adjusted available income (as determined for the most recent award year for which data is available) that is more than 500 percent of the applicable area median income, but not more than 600 percent of such applicable median income, 2 percent on the unpaid principal balance of the loan. For a loan that is disbursed to a borrower with a total adjusted available income (as determined for the most recent award year for which data is available) that is more than 600 percent of the applicable area median income, but not more than 700 percent of such applicable median income, 3 percent on the unpaid principal balance of the loan. For a loan that is disbursed to a borrower with a total adjusted available income (as determined for the most recent award year for which data is available) that is more than 700 percent of the applicable area median income, 4 percent on the unpaid principal balance of the loan. The term applicable area median income— when used with respect to an independent student, means the area median income for the area in which the student resides; and when used with respect to a dependent student, means— except as otherwise specified in items (bb) through (ee), the area median income for the area in which the parents of the student reside; in a case in which the parents of the student are divorced or living in different areas, the area median income for the area of the parent who provides the greater portion of the student’s financial support, as determined based on criteria described in section 475(f); in a case in which one parent has died, the area median income for the area of the surviving parent; in a case in which both parents have died, the area median income for the area in which the student resides; or in a case in which a parent has remarried, the location of that parent's spouse (if different from the location of the remarried parent) has no impact on the determination of area median income under this subclause. The term area median income means the median family income for an area, as determined for purposes of the United States Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437 et seq.). The term total adjusted available income, for purposes of award year 2024–2025, and each subsequent award year— when used with respect to a dependent student, means the amount equal to, with respect to such student, the sum of— the assessment of parents’ adjusted available income computed under section 475(b)(1); the student’s total income (determined in accordance with section 480); and the student’s assets computed under section 475(h); when used with respect to an independent student without dependents, means the amount equal to, with respect to such student, the sum of— the family’s available income computed under section 476(b)(1)(A); and the family’s available assets computed under section 476(c)(1); and when used with respect to an independent student with dependents, means the amount equal to, with respect to such student, the adjusted available income computed under section 477(a)(1)(A). (F)New loans on or after July 1, 2024(i)In generalNotwithstanding the preceding subparagraphs of this paragraph, for Federal Direct Unsubsidized Stafford Loans, Federal Direct PLUS Loans, and Federal Direct Consolidation Loans for which the first disbursement is made, or the application is received, on or after July 1, 2024, the applicable rate of interest shall be as follows:(I)Zero percentFor a loan that is disbursed to a borrower with a total adjusted available income (as determined for the most recent award year for which data is available) that is not more than 400 percent of the applicable area median income, 0 percent on the unpaid principal balance of the loan.(II)One percentFor a loan that is disbursed to a borrower with a total adjusted available income (as determined for the most recent award year for which data is available) that is more than 400 percent of the applicable area median income, but not more than 500 percent of such applicable median income, 1 percent on the unpaid principal balance of the loan.(III)Two percentFor a loan that is disbursed to a borrower with a total adjusted available income (as determined for the most recent award year for which data is available) that is more than 500 percent of the applicable area median income, but not more than 600 percent of such applicable median income, 2 percent on the unpaid principal balance of the loan.(IV)Three percentFor a loan that is disbursed to a borrower with a total adjusted available income (as determined for the most recent award year for which data is available) that is more than 600 percent of the applicable area median income, but not more than 700 percent of such applicable median income, 3 percent on the unpaid principal balance of the loan.(V)Four percentFor a loan that is disbursed to a borrower with a total adjusted available income (as determined for the most recent award year for which data is available) that is more than 700 percent of the applicable area median income, 4 percent on the unpaid principal balance of the loan.(ii)Applicable area median incomeThe term applicable area median income— (I)when used with respect to an independent student, means the area median income for the area in which the student resides; and(II)when used with respect to a dependent student, means—(aa)except as otherwise specified in items (bb) through (ee), the area median income for the area in which the parents of the student reside;(bb)in a case in which the parents of the student are divorced or living in different areas, the area median income for the area of the parent who provides the greater portion of the student’s financial support, as determined based on criteria described in section 475(f);(cc)in a case in which one parent has died, the area median income for the area of the surviving parent;(dd)in a case in which both parents have died, the area median income for the area in which the student resides; or(ee)in a case in which a parent has remarried, the location of that parent's spouse (if different from the location of the remarried parent) has no impact on the determination of area median income under this subclause.(iii)Area median incomeThe term area median income means the median family income for an area, as determined for purposes of the United States Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437 et seq.). (iv)Total adjusted available income definedThe term total adjusted available income, for purposes of award year 2024–2025, and each subsequent award year— (I)when used with respect to a dependent student, means the amount equal to, with respect to such student, the sum of—(aa)the assessment of parents’ adjusted available income computed under section 475(b)(1);(bb)the student’s total income (determined in accordance with section 480); and(cc)the student’s assets computed under section 475(h);(II)when used with respect to an independent student without dependents, means the amount equal to, with respect to such student, the sum of—(aa)the family’s available income computed under section 476(b)(1)(A); and(bb)the family’s available assets computed under section 476(c)(1); and(III)when used with respect to an independent student with dependents, means the amount equal to, with respect to such student, the adjusted available income computed under section 477(a)(1)(A)..

202. Termination of interest subsidized loans Section 451(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1087a(a)) is amended by adding at the end the following: No new Federal Direct Stafford Loans, as referenced under section 455(a)(2)(A), may be made under this part after June 30, 2024, and no funds are authorized to be appropriated, or may be expended, under this Act or any other Act to make such Federal Direct Stafford Loans for which the first disbursement is after June 30, 2024.. Section 455(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1087e(a)) is amended by adding at the end the following: Notwithstanding any provision of this part or part B, for any period of instruction beginning on or after July 1, 2024— a student shall not be eligible to receive a Federal Direct Stafford loan under this part; and the maximum annual amount of Federal Direct Unsubsidized Stafford loans such a student may borrow in any academic year (as defined in section 481(a)(2)) or its equivalent shall be the maximum annual amount for such student determined under section 428H, plus an amount equal to the amount of Federal Direct Stafford loans the student would have received in the absence of this paragraph. (4)Termination of authority to make interest subsidized loans to any studentNotwithstanding any provision of this part or part B, for any period of instruction beginning on or after July 1, 2024—(A)a student shall not be eligible to receive a Federal Direct Stafford loan under this part; and (B)the maximum annual amount of Federal Direct Unsubsidized Stafford loans such a student may borrow in any academic year (as defined in section 481(a)(2)) or its equivalent shall be the maximum annual amount for such student determined under section 428H, plus an amount equal to the amount of Federal Direct Stafford loans the student would have received in the absence of this paragraph..

301. Supplemental Federal Pell Grant Program Section 401(b) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1070a(b)), as amended by section 703 of the FAFSA Simplification Act (title VII of division FF of Public Law 116–260) and the FAFSA Simplification Act Technical Corrections Act (Public Law 117–103), is further amended by adding at the end the following: For any award year for which the Secretary elects to use the excess amounts (or a portion of such excess amounts) described in section 494A(c) to carry out a Supplemental Pell Grant Program under this paragraph, the Secretary shall— award each student that receives a Federal Pell grant under this subpart for such award year, an additional Federal Pell Grant in an amount that— bears the same relationship to such excess amount (or such portion) as the amount of the Federal Pell Grant such student receives under this subpart (excluding this paragraph) for such award year bears to the total amount awarded in Federal Pell Grants under this subpart (excluding this paragraph) for such award year; and may— exceed the total maximum Federal Pell Grant available for such award year; and be lower than the minimum Federal Pell Grant (as defined in section (a)(2)(F)) for such award year; and ensure that— in the case of a student awarded an additional Federal Pell Grant under subparagraph (A) for an award year, the total amount of Federal Pell Grants awarded to such student under this subpart (including such additional Federal Pell Grant) for such award year may exceed the total maximum Federal Pell Grant available for such award year; and any period of study covered by an additional Federal Pell Grant awarded under subparagraph (A) shall not be included in determining a student’s duration limit under subsection (d)(5). (10)Supplemental Pell Grants using excess Trust fund amountsFor any award year for which the Secretary elects to use the excess amounts (or a portion of such excess amounts) described in section 494A(c) to carry out a Supplemental Pell Grant Program under this paragraph, the Secretary shall—(A)award each student that receives a Federal Pell grant under this subpart for such award year, an additional Federal Pell Grant in an amount that—(i)bears the same relationship to such excess amount (or such portion) as the amount of the Federal Pell Grant such student receives under this subpart (excluding this paragraph) for such award year bears to the total amount awarded in Federal Pell Grants under this subpart (excluding this paragraph) for such award year; and(ii)may—(I)exceed the total maximum Federal Pell Grant available for such award year; and(II)be lower than the minimum Federal Pell Grant (as defined in section (a)(2)(F)) for such award year; and (B)ensure that—(i)in the case of a student awarded an additional Federal Pell Grant under subparagraph (A) for an award year, the total amount of Federal Pell Grants awarded to such student under this subpart (including such additional Federal Pell Grant) for such award year may exceed the total maximum Federal Pell Grant available for such award year; and(ii)any period of study covered by an additional Federal Pell Grant awarded under subparagraph (A) shall not be included in determining a student’s duration limit under subsection (d)(5)..

302. Use of funds from the repayment of Federal student loans Part G of title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1088 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: The Secretary of Education shall, without further appropriation, deposit all amounts repaid on loans made, insured, or guaranteed under this title into the Education Affordability Trust Fund established under section 494B (referred to in this section as the Trust Fund). The Trust Fund Board shall transfer the profits from the investments of the Trust Fund to the Secretary of Education, to pay for the administrative costs of the Department of Education in making loans under part D, including loans under section 460A(b), to all eligible students (and the eligible parents of such students) in attendance at participating institutions of higher education selected by the Secretary, to enable such students to pursue their courses of study at such institutions, in the following amounts: During any period of time when the Trust Fund has assets under management of $500,000,000 or more over a 180 day period, 100 percent of such profits. During any period of time when the Trust Fund has profits of less than $500,000,000, but more than or equal to $400,000,000 over a 180 day period, 40 percent of such profits. During any period of time when the Trust Fund has profits of less than $400,000,000 but more than or equal to $300,000,000 over a 180 day period, 10 percent of such profits. During any period of time when the Trust Fund has profits of less than $300,000,000 over a 180 day period, 0 percent of such profits. In this subsection, the term profits means the amount that the return on investment from bond investments made by the Trust Fund exceeds the amount repaid on loans and deposited into the Trust Fund under subsection (a). If the amounts required to be transferred under subsection (b) are in excess of the amounts needed to pay for the costs of the Department of Education described under subsection (b), the Secretary of Education may elect to use such excess amounts (or a portion of such excess amounts)— to carry out the Supplemental Federal Pell Grant Program under section 401(b)(10); and for the Postsecondary Student Success Program authorized under part B of title VII and for which the Department issued a notice inviting applications in the Federal Register on August 12, 2022 (87 Fed. Reg. 49811 et. seq.), except that, notwithstanding the terms and condition of such program described in the notice— any institution of higher education defined in section 101 or 102(a)(1)(B) is eligible to receive a grant under the program if— the average cost of tuition to attend such institution for the 3 most recent academic years has not increased by more than 3 percent; the institution provides an assurance that the average cost of tuition to attend such institution for the succeeding 3 academic years will not increase by more than 3 percent; or the size of the endowment fund (as defined in section 312(c)) of the institution on the first day of the previous calendar year was not greater than $100,000,000; and grants under the program will be awarded on a competitive basis, and the amount of any such grant will be not less than $600,000, and not more than $1,000,000. If the Secretary of Education elects to use excess amounts described under subsection (c) the Secretary shall provide to Congress a report on the use of such amounts (and provide testimony on such use) not later than 180 days after making use of such funds. 494A.Use of funds from the repayment of Federal student loans(a)In generalThe Secretary of Education shall, without further appropriation, deposit all amounts repaid on loans made, insured, or guaranteed under this title into the Education Affordability Trust Fund established under section 494B (referred to in this section as the Trust Fund).(b)Use of Trust Fund assets(1)In generalThe Trust Fund Board shall transfer the profits from the investments of the Trust Fund to the Secretary of Education, to pay for the administrative costs of the Department of Education in making loans under part D, including loans under section 460A(b), to all eligible students (and the eligible parents of such students) in attendance at participating institutions of higher education selected by the Secretary, to enable such students to pursue their courses of study at such institutions, in the following amounts:(A)During any period of time when the Trust Fund has assets under management of $500,000,000 or more over a 180 day period, 100 percent of such profits.(B)During any period of time when the Trust Fund has profits of less than $500,000,000, but more than or equal to $400,000,000 over a 180 day period, 40 percent of such profits.(C)During any period of time when the Trust Fund has profits of less than $400,000,000 but more than or equal to $300,000,000 over a 180 day period, 10 percent of such profits.(D)During any period of time when the Trust Fund has profits of less than $300,000,000 over a 180 day period, 0 percent of such profits.(2)Profits definedIn this subsection, the term profits means the amount that the return on investment from bond investments made by the Trust Fund exceeds the amount repaid on loans and deposited into the Trust Fund under subsection (a).(c)Use of excess amountsIf the amounts required to be transferred under subsection (b) are in excess of the amounts needed to pay for the costs of the Department of Education described under subsection (b), the Secretary of Education may elect to use such excess amounts (or a portion of such excess amounts)—(1)to carry out the Supplemental Federal Pell Grant Program under section 401(b)(10); and(2)for the Postsecondary Student Success Program authorized under part B of title VII and for which the Department issued a notice inviting applications in the Federal Register on August 12, 2022 (87 Fed. Reg. 49811 et. seq.), except that, notwithstanding the terms and condition of such program described in the notice—(A)any institution of higher education defined in section 101 or 102(a)(1)(B) is eligible to receive a grant under the program if—(i)the average cost of tuition to attend such institution for the 3 most recent academic years has not increased by more than 3 percent;(ii)the institution provides an assurance that the average cost of tuition to attend such institution for the succeeding 3 academic years will not increase by more than 3 percent; or (iii)the size of the endowment fund (as defined in section 312(c)) of the institution on the first day of the previous calendar year was not greater than $100,000,000; and(B)grants under the program will be awarded on a competitive basis, and the amount of any such grant will be not less than $600,000, and not more than $1,000,000.(d)Report and testimony to CongressIf the Secretary of Education elects to use excess amounts described under subsection (c) the Secretary shall provide to Congress a report on the use of such amounts (and provide testimony on such use) not later than 180 days after making use of such funds..

303. Education Affordability Trust Fund Part G of title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1088 et seq.) is further amended by adding at the end the following: There is established within the Department a trust fund to be known as the Education Affordability Trust Fund (referred to in this section as the Trust Fund). The head of the Trust Fund shall be a 6-member Education Affordability Trust Fund Board (referred to in this section as the Board). The members of the Board shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, from among individuals who— have experience and expertise in the management of financial investments; have at least 10 years of experience in the financial investment field; at least 3 of which have experience working with rural lenders, historically disenfranchised groups, or low-income communities; and are not currently an elected official. No individual required to register as a lobbyist under section 4 of the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1603) may be appointed to, or serve on, the Board. No member of the Board may hold or may have held the position of Member of the House of Representatives or Senator, may hold the position of officer or employee of the House of Representatives, Senate, or instrumentality or other entity of the legislative branch, or may have held such a position within 4 years of the date of appointment. The members of the Board shall serve 6-year terms, staggered such that the terms of 2 members ends every 2 years. The 2 members serving terms that end at the same time may not be members of the same political party. With respect to the 2 individuals appointed to fill terms ending at the same time, neither individual may begin serving as a member of the Board until both have been appointed and confirmed by the Senate. Upon the expiration of a term of a member of the Board, that member shall continue to serve until a successor is appointed. An individual may only serve as a member of the Board for a maximum of 2 terms. The President may remove a member of the Board only for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office. The initial members of the Board shall be appointed no later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this section. Each member of the Board shall serve as the Chair of the Board during the final year of the term for which the member is appointed. Each member of the Board shall, with respect to entities in which the Trust Fund invests, either divest any interest in such entities or place such interests into a blind trust. The Board shall meet no less than once per quarter. The fund manager appointed under subsection (c) shall attend not less than 2 meetings of the Board each year, to discuss forecasting and current investment performance. If, once the assets under management of the Trust Fund have reached $500,000,000,000, the assets under management of the Trust Fund drops below $300,000,000,000, the Board shall immediately hold an emergency meeting to discuss ensuring the long-term solvency of the Trust Fund. Investment guidelines shall be adopted by a unanimous vote of the entire Board. All other decisions of the Board shall be decided by a majority vote. All decisions of the Board shall be entered upon the records of the Board. While serving on the business of the Board (including travel time), a member of the Board shall be entitled to compensation at the per diem equivalent of the rate provided for level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5, United States Code, and while so serving away from home and the member’s regular place of business, a member may be allowed travel expenses, as authorized by the Chair of the Board. The Board shall appoint independent fund managers from among individuals who have met such ethics vetting requirements as the Board may establish. If the Board fails to make an appointment under subparagraph (A), the Chair shall, not later 10 days after the date of such failure, make the appointment. The Board shall make the initial appointment of independent fund managers under subparagraph (A) not later than 60 days after the date on which all members of the Board are first appointed. The Board shall— retain independent advisers to assist it in the formulation and adoption of its investment guidelines; pay the administrative expenses of the Trust Fund from the assets in the Trust Fund; and discharge their duties (including the voting of proxies) with respect to the assets of the Trust Fund solely in the interest of the Trust Fund and through it, the participants and beneficiaries of the programs funded under this Act— for the exclusive purpose of— providing zero-interest Federal student loans to existing and future borrowers; and defraying reasonable expenses of administering the functions of the Trust Fund; with the care, skill, prudence, and diligence under the circumstances then prevailing that a prudent person acting in a like capacity and familiar with such matters would use in the conduct of an enterprise of a like character and with like aims; by diversifying investments so as to minimize the risk of large losses and to avoid disproportionate influence over a particular industry or firm, unless under the circumstances it is clearly prudent not to do so; and in accordance with Trust Fund governing documents and instruments insofar as such documents and instruments are consistent with this Act. No member of the Board shall— deal with the assets of the Trust Fund in the member’s own interest or for the member’s own account; in an individual or in any other capacity act in any transaction involving the assets of the Trust Fund on behalf of a party (or represent a party) whose interests are adverse to the interests of the Trust Fund or the interests of borrowers; or receive any consideration for the member’s own personal account from any party dealing with the assets of the Trust Fund. The Board shall annually engage an independent qualified public accountant to audit the financial statements of the Trust Fund. The Board shall submit an annual management report to the Secretary of Education, the Secretary of the Treasury, the President, and the Congress not later than 180 days after the end of each fiscal year, including— a statement of financial position, including the total amount in the Trust Fund; a statement of operations; a statement of cash flows; a breakdown of the investments made by the Trust Fund, including by type; a statement on internal accounting and administrative control systems; the report resulting from an audit of the financial statements of the Trust Fund conducted under subparagraph (A); and any other comments and information necessary to inform the Congress about the operations and financial condition of the Trust Fund. The Board shall make each report required under this subparagraph available to the public, including on the website of the Department of Education. The Board shall have the authority to make rules to govern the operations of the Trust Fund, employ professional staff, and contract with outside advisers to provide legal, accounting, investment advisory, or other services necessary for the proper administration of this section. In the case of contracts with investment advisory services, compensation for such services may be on a fixed contract fee basis or on such other terms and conditions as are customary for such services. Each Member and employee of the Board shall file with the Secretary of Education and appropriate committees of Congress financial disclosure reports that comply with the requirements under subchapter I of chapter 131 of title 5, United States Code. The expenses of the Trust Fund and the Board incurred under this section shall be paid from the Trust Fund. The fund managers shall invest the assets of the Trust Fund in a manner consistent with the investment guidelines adopted by the Board. The fund managers shall invest the amounts in the Trust Fund in bonds that consist of the following: Municipal bonds. Bonds issued by the Department of the Treasury, which may not make up more than 40 percent of the total investments of the Trust Fund. Other Federal bonds. Bonds issued by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, the Federal National Mortgage Association, or a Federal Home Loan Bank. International bonds, which may not make up more than 10 percent of the total investments of the Trust Fund. Corporate bonds, which may not make up more than 10 percent of the total investments of the Trust Fund. The investments of the Trust Fund shall consist— only of investments rated at least Baa1 or BBB+ by Moody’s, S&P, or Fitch Ratings; at least 80 percent of investments rated at least A3 or A- by Moody’s, S&P, or Fitch Ratings; at least 60 percent of investments rated at least Aa1 or AA+ by Moody’s, S&P, or Fitch Ratings; and at least 40 percent of investments rated at least Aaa or AAA by Moody’s, S&P, or Fitch Ratings. The investments of the Trust Fund shall be diversified to minimize the risk of large losses and to avoid disproportionate influence over a particular region, industry, or firm, unless under the circumstances it is clearly prudent not to do so. The Trust Fund may not invest in entities or subsidiaries of entities that are— based in any country that does not have diplomatic relations with the United States; based in any country, the government of which is subject to sanctions by the United States; or on a sanctions list of the Department of the Treasury. During the 10-year period beginning on the date of enactment of this section, the fund managers shall prioritize investments in bonds with a maturity date of less than 10 years. For purposes of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (2 U.S.C. 621 et seq.), the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (2 U.S.C. 900 et seq.), and chapter 11 of title 31, United States Code, and notwithstanding section 20 of Office of Management and Budget Circular No. A–11, or any successor thereto, earnings of the Trust Fund shall be calculated on an accrual basis. 494B.Education Affordability Trust Fund(a)EstablishmentThere is established within the Department a trust fund to be known as the Education Affordability Trust Fund (referred to in this section as the Trust Fund).(b)Board(1)In generalThe head of the Trust Fund shall be a 6-member Education Affordability Trust Fund Board (referred to in this section as the Board).(2)Appointment of membersThe members of the Board shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, from among individuals who—(A)have experience and expertise in the management of financial investments;(B)have at least 10 years of experience in the financial investment field;(C)at least 3 of which have experience working with rural lenders, historically disenfranchised groups, or low-income communities; and(D)are not currently an elected official.(3)Disqualifications for appointments(A)LobbyingNo individual required to register as a lobbyist under section 4 of the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1603) may be appointed to, or serve on, the Board.(B)Incompatible officeNo member of the Board may hold or may have held the position of Member of the House of Representatives or Senator, may hold the position of officer or employee of the House of Representatives, Senate, or instrumentality or other entity of the legislative branch, or may have held such a position within 4 years of the date of appointment.(4)Term(A)In generalThe members of the Board shall serve 6-year terms, staggered such that the terms of 2 members ends every 2 years.(B)Political affiliationThe 2 members serving terms that end at the same time may not be members of the same political party.(C)Members take office togetherWith respect to the 2 individuals appointed to fill terms ending at the same time, neither individual may begin serving as a member of the Board until both have been appointed and confirmed by the Senate.(D)Authority to serve until a successor is appointedUpon the expiration of a term of a member of the Board, that member shall continue to serve until a successor is appointed.(E)LimitationAn individual may only serve as a member of the Board for a maximum of 2 terms.(F)Removal for causeThe President may remove a member of the Board only for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office. (5)Deadline for initial appointmentsThe initial members of the Board shall be appointed no later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this section.(6)ChairEach member of the Board shall serve as the Chair of the Board during the final year of the term for which the member is appointed.(7)Conflicts of interestEach member of the Board shall, with respect to entities in which the Trust Fund invests, either divest any interest in such entities or place such interests into a blind trust.(8)Meetings(A)In generalThe Board shall meet no less than once per quarter.(B)Participation by fund managersThe fund manager appointed under subsection (c) shall attend not less than 2 meetings of the Board each year, to discuss forecasting and current investment performance.(C)Emergency meeting requirementIf, once the assets under management of the Trust Fund have reached $500,000,000,000, the assets under management of the Trust Fund drops below $300,000,000,000, the Board shall immediately hold an emergency meeting to discuss ensuring the long-term solvency of the Trust Fund.(9)VotingInvestment guidelines shall be adopted by a unanimous vote of the entire Board. All other decisions of the Board shall be decided by a majority vote. All decisions of the Board shall be entered upon the records of the Board.(10)CompensationWhile serving on the business of the Board (including travel time), a member of the Board shall be entitled to compensation at the per diem equivalent of the rate provided for level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5, United States Code, and while so serving away from home and the member’s regular place of business, a member may be allowed travel expenses, as authorized by the Chair of the Board.(c)Powers and responsibilities of the Board(1)Appointment of fund managers(A)In generalThe Board shall appoint independent fund managers from among individuals who have met such ethics vetting requirements as the Board may establish.(B)Failure to make a unanimous appointmentIf the Board fails to make an appointment under subparagraph (A), the Chair shall, not later 10 days after the date of such failure, make the appointment.(C)Initial fund managersThe Board shall make the initial appointment of independent fund managers under subparagraph (A) not later than 60 days after the date on which all members of the Board are first appointed.(2)Other dutiesThe Board shall—(A)retain independent advisers to assist it in the formulation and adoption of its investment guidelines;(B)pay the administrative expenses of the Trust Fund from the assets in the Trust Fund; and(C)discharge their duties (including the voting of proxies) with respect to the assets of the Trust Fund solely in the interest of the Trust Fund and through it, the participants and beneficiaries of the programs funded under this Act—(i)for the exclusive purpose of—(I)providing zero-interest Federal student loans to existing and future borrowers; and(II)defraying reasonable expenses of administering the functions of the Trust Fund;(ii)with the care, skill, prudence, and diligence under the circumstances then prevailing that a prudent person acting in a like capacity and familiar with such matters would use in the conduct of an enterprise of a like character and with like aims;(iii)by diversifying investments so as to minimize the risk of large losses and to avoid disproportionate influence over a particular industry or firm, unless under the circumstances it is clearly prudent not to do so; and(iv)in accordance with Trust Fund governing documents and instruments insofar as such documents and instruments are consistent with this Act.(3)Prohibitions with respect to members of the BoardNo member of the Board shall—(A)deal with the assets of the Trust Fund in the member’s own interest or for the member’s own account;(B)in an individual or in any other capacity act in any transaction involving the assets of the Trust Fund on behalf of a party (or represent a party) whose interests are adverse to the interests of the Trust Fund or the interests of borrowers; or(C)receive any consideration for the member’s own personal account from any party dealing with the assets of the Trust Fund.(4)Audit and report(A)AuditThe Board shall annually engage an independent qualified public accountant to audit the financial statements of the Trust Fund.(B)Report to Congress(i)In generalThe Board shall submit an annual management report to the Secretary of Education, the Secretary of the Treasury, the President, and the Congress not later than 180 days after the end of each fiscal year, including—(I)a statement of financial position, including the total amount in the Trust Fund;(II)a statement of operations;(III)a statement of cash flows;(IV)a breakdown of the investments made by the Trust Fund, including by type;(V)a statement on internal accounting and administrative control systems;(VI)the report resulting from an audit of the financial statements of the Trust Fund conducted under subparagraph (A); and(VII)any other comments and information necessary to inform the Congress about the operations and financial condition of the Trust Fund.(ii)Public availability of reportThe Board shall make each report required under this subparagraph available to the public, including on the website of the Department of Education.(5)Rules and administrative powersThe Board shall have the authority to make rules to govern the operations of the Trust Fund, employ professional staff, and contract with outside advisers to provide legal, accounting, investment advisory, or other services necessary for the proper administration of this section. In the case of contracts with investment advisory services, compensation for such services may be on a fixed contract fee basis or on such other terms and conditions as are customary for such services.(6)Financial Disclosure ReportsEach Member and employee of the Board shall file with the Secretary of Education and appropriate committees of Congress financial disclosure reports that comply with the requirements under subchapter I of chapter 131 of title 5, United States Code. (7)FundingThe expenses of the Trust Fund and the Board incurred under this section shall be paid from the Trust Fund.(d)Duties of the fund managers(1)In generalThe fund managers shall invest the assets of the Trust Fund in a manner consistent with the investment guidelines adopted by the Board.(2)InstrumentsThe fund managers shall invest the amounts in the Trust Fund in bonds that consist of the following:(A)Municipal bonds.(B)Bonds issued by the Department of the Treasury, which may not make up more than 40 percent of the total investments of the Trust Fund.(C)Other Federal bonds.(D)Bonds issued by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, the Federal National Mortgage Association, or a Federal Home Loan Bank.(E)International bonds, which may not make up more than 10 percent of the total investments of the Trust Fund.(F)Corporate bonds, which may not make up more than 10 percent of the total investments of the Trust Fund.(3)Investment requirements(A)RatingsThe investments of the Trust Fund shall consist—(i)only of investments rated at least Baa1 or BBB+ by Moody’s, S&P, or Fitch Ratings;(ii)at least 80 percent of investments rated at least A3 or A- by Moody’s, S&P, or Fitch Ratings;(iii)at least 60 percent of investments rated at least Aa1 or AA+ by Moody’s, S&P, or Fitch Ratings; and(iv)at least 40 percent of investments rated at least Aaa or AAA by Moody’s, S&P, or Fitch Ratings.(B)DiversificationThe investments of the Trust Fund shall be diversified to minimize the risk of large losses and to avoid disproportionate influence over a particular region, industry, or firm, unless under the circumstances it is clearly prudent not to do so.(C)Limitation on investing in certain countriesThe Trust Fund may not invest in entities or subsidiaries of entities that are—(i)based in any country that does not have diplomatic relations with the United States;(ii)based in any country, the government of which is subject to sanctions by the United States; or(iii)on a sanctions list of the Department of the Treasury.(4)Short-term initial investmentsDuring the 10-year period beginning on the date of enactment of this section, the fund managers shall prioritize investments in bonds with a maturity date of less than 10 years.(e)Means of financingFor purposes of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (2 U.S.C. 621 et seq.), the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (2 U.S.C. 900 et seq.), and chapter 11 of title 31, United States Code, and notwithstanding section 20 of Office of Management and Budget Circular No. A–11, or any successor thereto, earnings of the Trust Fund shall be calculated on an accrual basis. .

401. Implementation In carrying out the amendments made by titles I, II, and III, the Secretary of Education may waive the application of— the master calendar requirements under section 482 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1089); and negotiated rulemaking under section 492 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1098a).