To reform Federal firearms laws, and for other purposes.
Analysis under review: This bill has generated analysis that may be too generic or incomplete. Clause-level evidence remains available below.
Summary
What This Bill Does
This bill enacts comprehensive gun reform measures. It requires all private firearm transfers to go through licensed dealers for background checks (universal background checks). It limits handgun purchases to one per 30-day period. It creates a federal framework for extreme risk protection orders (red flag laws) that allow courts to temporarily remove firearms from individuals who pose a danger to themselves or others. It also requires reporting lost or stolen firearms within 48 hours and mandates secure storage to prevent children under 14 from accessing loaded firearms.
Who Benefits and How
Public safety benefits from universal background checks closing the private sale loophole. Domestic violence victims benefit from expanded protections as the bill prohibits stalkers and those subject to restraining orders from possessing firearms. Law enforcement receives federal grants for training on extreme risk protection orders. States and tribes that enact red flag laws receive grant funding and preference for other federal grants.
Who Bears the Burden and How
Private firearm sellers must now conduct all transfers through licensed dealers, adding cost and inconvenience. Gun purchasers face one-handgun-per-month limits and potential delays. Firearm owners must report lost or stolen guns within 48 hours (up to $250 penalty) and securely store loaded firearms (up to 1 year imprisonment and $2,500 fine if a child under 14 gains access). Individuals subject to extreme risk protection orders lose firearm possession rights. Parents and caregivers face criminal liability if at-risk children in their care gain access to firearms.
Key Provisions
- Universal background checks: All firearm transfers must go through licensed dealers (with family/gift exemptions)
- One-handgun-per-month purchase limit with exemptions for law enforcement and enhanced background check certificate holders
- Federal extreme risk protection order framework with grants to states enacting red flag laws
- 48-hour reporting requirement for lost or stolen firearms ($250 civil penalty)
- Secure storage mandate to prevent child access (up to 1 year imprisonment, $2,500 fine)
- Prohibits stalkers and individuals subject to court orders from possessing firearms
Evidence Chain:
This summary is generated from the full bill text using AI analysis. Expand "Detailed Analysis" below for identified beneficiaries/burden bearers.
At a Glance
What This Bill Does
Comprehensive firearms reform legislation requiring universal background checks, limiting handgun purchases to one per 30 days, establishing extreme risk protection order framework, and creating new requirements for secure firearm storage and reporting lost/stolen firearms.
Key Policy Areas
Firearms, Public Safety, Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement
Primary Purpose
Comprehensive firearms reform legislation requiring universal background checks, limiting handgun purchases to one per 30 days, establishing extreme risk protection order framework, and creating new requirements for secure firearm storage and reporting lost/stolen firearms.
Policy Domains
Title I - Background Checks and Handgun Limits
Identified Gains
Contextual inference, no direct clause citation- Public safety
- Licensed firearms dealers (increased business)
Contextual inference, no direct clause citation
Identified Costs
Contextual inference, no direct clause citation- Private firearm sellers
- Gun purchasers seeking multiple handguns
Contextual inference, no direct clause citation
Title II - Extreme Risk Protection Orders
Identified Gains
Contextual inference, no direct clause citation- States and tribes enacting red flag laws
- Law enforcement (training grants)
- Domestic violence victims
Contextual inference, no direct clause citation
Identified Costs
Contextual inference, no direct clause citation- Individuals subject to extreme risk orders
- Gun rights advocates
Contextual inference, no direct clause citation
Title III - Firearm Safety and Secure Storage
Identified Gains
Contextual inference, no direct clause citation- Children (reduced access to firearms)
- Law enforcement (better tracking)
- Stalking victims
Contextual inference, no direct clause citation
Identified Costs
Contextual inference, no direct clause citation- Firearm owners (storage and reporting requirements)
- Parents and caregivers (criminal liability)
- Stalkers (firearms prohibition)
Contextual inference, no direct clause citation
Sponsors
Tim Kaine
D-VA | Primary Sponsor
Legislative Progress
IntroducedMr. Kaine (for himself and Mr. Warner) introduced the following …
Stakeholder Effects
cui bono?How this legislation distributes effects. Mention counts reflect frequency, not effect magnitude.
Antique firearm collectors, Children at risk of violence, Children under 14
Positive-direction: Antique firearm collectors, Children at risk of violence, Children under 14, Domestic violence and stalking victims, Petitioners seeking protection from individuals in other states, Potential victims of firearm violence, Witnesses subject to intimidation
Negative-direction: Firearm owners, Firearm owners with children or visitors under 14, Gun purchasers seeking multiple handguns, Individuals convicted of stalking, Individuals subject to extreme risk orders who cross state lines, Individuals subject to extreme risk protection orders, Individuals subject to protective orders, Parents and caregivers of at-risk children, Private firearm sellers, Prohibited persons seeking firearms
Law enforcement, Law enforcement (stolen firearms tracking), Law enforcement agencies
Positive-direction: Law enforcement, Law enforcement (stolen firearms tracking), Law enforcement agencies, States and tribes enacting red flag laws
Negative-direction: State and local law enforcement agencies (reporting to NCIC), State and tribal courts, State courts
Firearms dealers, Licensed firearms dealers
Positive-direction: Licensed firearms dealers
Negative-direction: Firearms dealers
DOJ Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Law enforcement and military
Positive-direction: Law enforcement and military
Negative-direction: DOJ Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Private security companies
Gun safe and secure storage device manufacturers
Bill Structure & Actor Mappings
Who is "The Secretary" in each section?
- "licensee"
- → Licensed firearms dealer, manufacturer, or importer
- "the_director"
- → Director of the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
- "the_attorney_general"
- → Attorney General
Key Definitions
Terms defined in this bill
A state, Indian Tribe, or local government that enacts extreme risk protection order legislation meeting federal requirements and certifies use of grant funds for implementation and law enforcement training.
A written court order whose primary purpose is to reduce firearm-related death or injury by prohibiting a named individual from possessing firearms or requiring surrender of firearms.
A parent, guardian, or other person at least 18 years old responsible for the care of a child under 18 years of age.
We use a combination of our own taxonomy and classification in addition to large language models to assess meaning and potential beneficiaries. High confidence means strong textual evidence. Always verify with the original bill text.
Learn more about our methodology