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Referenced Laws
20 U.S.C. 1011f
section 501(c)(4)
Section 1
1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Think Tank Transparency Act.
Section 2
2. Definitions In this Act: The term conduct intending to directly or indirectly to influence public policy or public opinion means, with respect to a covered entity, any activity that the covered entity engaging in believes will, or that the covered entity intends to, in any way influence any agency or official of the Government of the United States, or any section of the public within the United States, with respect to— formulating, adopting, or changing the domestic or foreign policies of the United States; or the political or public interests, policies, or relations of a government of a foreign country or a foreign political party. The term contract means any agreement for the acquisition by purchase, lease, or barter of property or services by the foreign principal, for the direct benefit or use of either of the parties. The term country of citizenship, with respect to a foreign principal, includes— the principal residence for a foreign principal who is a natural person; or the country of incorporation or the principal place of business for a foreign principal which is a legal entity. The term covered entity— means a nonprofit organization or a not-for-profit social welfare organization that— spends more than 20 percent of the resources of the organization within any given calendar year on conduct intending to directly or indirectly influence public policy or public opinion; or is affiliated with, or is a subunit, of an institution, as defined in section 117 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1011f), that is subject to that section and that— engages in or publishes substantial policy-related research or scholarship; or hosts, sponsors, or otherwise promotes annual, or on a more frequent basis, events featuring reporters, journalists, or United States or foreign government officials; and excludes— an institution, as defined in section 117 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1011f), that is subject to that section; and an entity organized and operated exclusively for religious purposes. The term foreign principal includes— a government of a foreign country or a foreign political party; a person outside of the United States, unless it is established that— the person is an individual and a citizen of the United States; or the person— is not an individual and is organized under or created by the laws of the United States or of any State or other place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States; and has its principal place of business within the United States; and a partnership, association, corporation, organization, or other combination of persons organized under the laws of or having its principal place of business in a foreign country. The term gift, donation, or contribution means any gift of money, property, or in-kind contribution given directly or indirectly to a covered entity by a foreign principal. The term not-for-profit social welfare organization means an organization described in section 501(c)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and exempt from tax under section 501(a) of such Code. The term nonprofit organization means an organization described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and exempt from tax under section 501(a) of such Code. The term restricted or conditional gift or contract means any endowment, gift, grant, contract, award, present, or property of any kind that includes provisions regarding— the employment, assignment, compensation, or termination of researchers, scholars, or experts; the earmarking of funds for departments, centers, research or lecture programs, or new positions for researchers, scholars, or experts; the subject matter, nature, or contents of research, analysis or any information published or disseminated to officials of the United States Federal Government, the media, or the public; or any other condition or expectation regarding either the ability of the foreign principal to review in advance, approve, veto, or modify budgets, programs, events, or presentations, or the contents of information or materials to be published or disseminated.
Section 3
3. Findings Congress finds the following: Think tanks have provided Congress and the executive branch with a wealth of research and scholarship that largely has benefitted the public in the United States by improving the drafting, enactment, and enforcement of policy in the United States. There is broad bipartisan agreement that think tanks possess enormous influence on the passage and enforcement of policies, particularly those that relate to foreign policy. In recent years, foreign funding of think tanks has increased substantially. Congress, the executive branch, and especially the people of the United States have a right to— know which think tanks receive foreign funds; and assess for themselves the extent that foreign influence should be considered when analyzing the credibility and value of research and scholarship produced by such think tanks that receive foreign funds. The United States House of Representatives has recognized the national security issues inherent in undue foreign influence of entities with covert sources of foreign funding that testify before Congress. Since 2015, representatives of entities who testify before the United States House of Representatives have been required to disclose relevant foreign funding sources directed to them or their employers in Truth-in-Testimony disclosure forms required under clause 2(g)(5) of rule XI of the Rules of the House of Representatives. Almost 30 years ago, Congress enacted section 117 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1011f) (hereinafter referred to as section 117) in light of concerns about the growing financial relationship between universities in the United States and foreign sources. In enacting that legislation, Congress balanced academic freedom and national security by mandating financial transparency through required reporting of contracts with, and gifts from, any foreign source. Section 117 does not prohibit institutions of higher education from taking foreign money, but rather mandates accurate and transparent disclosures of sources and amounts received by those institutions to the Department of Education. In 2019, the Department of Education took concrete steps to enforce section 117 by ensuring the integrity of reporting requirements, confirming the correct reporting and categorization of donations, and prohibiting the use of domestic conduits and intermediaries to avoid the disclosures of foreign gifts. Between 2011 and 2021, the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as Russia) gave not less than $160,000,000 to universities in the United States. The People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as China) alone gave not less than $2,700,000,000 to universities during the United States during the same time frame. Russia and China each have repressive and deeply troubling records relating to human rights, and both have engaged in cyber espionage targeting individuals in the United States. Russia and China pose grave threats to the national security interests of the United States, yet those countries have successfully lavished billions of dollars to cultivate strong ties with institutions of higher education and research across the United States. Although the Center for International Policy conducted a study in 2020 that concluded that think tanks focused on Federal policy received not less than $174,000,000 in funding from foreign governmental entities between 2014 and 2018, there is currently no means to determine the actual level or extent of foreign influence on those think tanks. What is clear is the vast amount of foreign funding that United States-based think tanks receive, and that such foreign funding affects the direction of their policy recommendations. There is significant concern in Congress about potential contractual stipulations tied to foreign funding that could be leveraged by foreign powers to exert even greater influence over the research and policy recommendations of think tanks that the Federal Government and the public in the United States would otherwise believe to be independent. There is broad bipartisan agreement that undue foreign influence obscured through the use of proxies—or hidden by the powerful brand of a highly respected think tank—threatens the national security interests of the United States. There is also broad agreement that transparency is the most important and effective tool for reducing the harm of foreign influence targeting United States public policy or public opinion. As such, this bill aims to provide critical transparency regarding the foreign funding provided to, and the related contractual agreements with, think tanks whose work includes influencing United States policies or public opinion.
Section 4
4. Contemporaneous disclosure reports Except as provided in section 7, a covered entity that receives a gift, donation, or contribution from a foreign principal during a calendar year in an aggregate amount of $10,000 or greater shall file a disclosure report with the Attorney General in accordance with subsection (b) not later than 90 days after each disclosure date. In this paragraph, the term disclosure date means— the first date during any calendar year by which a covered entity has received a gift, donation, or contribution from a foreign principal in an aggregate amount of $10,000 or greater; and any other date during such calendar year by which a covered entity has received a gift, donation, or contribution from a foreign principal in an aggregate amount of $10,000 or greater since the most recent disclosure date for such calendar year. Except as provided in section 7, a covered entity that enters into or modifies a contract, memorandum of understanding, or agreement with a foreign principal shall file a disclosure report with the Attorney General in accordance with subsection (b) within 90 days of the entering into or modification of such contract, memorandum, or agreement. The report required under subsection (a)(1) shall detail the following: The identities of the foreign principal and the primary point of contact of the foreign principal for engaging with the covered entity, including the name and title of such point of contact. The date on which the foreign principal provided a gift, donation, or contribution to the covered entity. The aggregate dollar amount of such gift, donation, or contribution attributable to a particular foreign principal. A description of any conditions or restrictions regarding any of the disclosed gifts, donations, or contributions. The aggregate amount of such gifts, donations, or contributions received from each foreign principal. A description of any decisions made because of the foreign principal to the structure of the organization or to the research, programs, or content intended to be or actually published, disseminated, or promoted by the covered entity. The report required under subsection (a)(2) shall detail the following: The identities of the foreign principal and the primary point of contact of the foreign principal for engaging with the covered entity, including the name and title of such point of contact. The date on which the covered entity entered into or modified a contract, memorandum of understanding, or agreement with a foreign principal. Copies of all written contracts, agreements, or memoranda of understanding the covered entity entered into or modified with any foreign principal. Copies of all internal and external documents, research materials, and publications produced as a result of the contract, memorandum of understanding, or agreement. A description of any decisions made because of the foreign principal to the structure of the organization or to the research, programs, or content intended to be or actually published, disseminated, or promoted by the covered entity.
Section 5
5. Initial disclosure reports A covered entity shall file an initial disclosure report, in accordance with subsection (b) or (c), with the Attorney General not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act if, during the period beginning on January 1 of the most recent calendar year that ended before the date of enactment of this Act and ending on the effective date of this Act— the covered entity received a gift, donation, or contribution from a foreign principal in an aggregate amount of $10,000 or greater; the covered entity entered into or modified a contract, memorandum of understanding, or agreement with a foreign principal; or the covered entity had previously entered into a contract, agreement, or memorandum of understanding with a foreign principal that was still valid or enforceable on or after January 1 of the most recent calendar year that ended before the date of enactment of this Act. The report required under subsection (a)(1) shall detail the following: The name of the foreign principal. The country of citizenship of the foreign principal. The amount and date of such gifts, donations, or contributions. The description of any conditions or restrictions attached to, or placed on, the gifts, donations, or contributions. A description of any decisions made because of the foreign principal to the structure of the organization or to the research, programs, or content intended to be or actually published, disseminated, or promoted by the covered entity. The report required under subsection (a)(2) shall detail the following: The name of the foreign principal. The country of citizenship of the foreign principal. Copies of each written contract, memorandum of understanding, or agreement. Any modification of each such written contract, memorandum, or agreement. The terms and conditions of each oral agreement. Any modification of each such oral agreement. A comprehensive statement of— the nature and method of performance of each item described in paragraphs (3) through (6); and the actions taken by the covered entity at the request or suggestion of each such foreign principal. A description of any decisions made because of the foreign principal to the structure of the organization or to the research, programs, or content intended to be or actually published, disseminated, or promoted by the covered entity.
Section 6
6. Briefings, testimony, or similar forms of presentation of research If a covered entity provides a briefing, testimony, or similar form of presentation of research to a member or employee of Congress, or to an executive branch official, the covered entity shall identify prominently on any written materials provided to the member or employee of Congress, or to the executive branch official, the name of the relevant foreign principal and the country of citizenship, if the foreign principal is not a government, who provided funding for such briefing, testimony, or similar form of presentation of research. In the event that no written materials are provided in a briefing, testimony, or similar form of presentation of research described in subsection (a), the covered entity shall convey the information required under subsection (a) in writing to the member or employee of Congress, or executive branch official, before or not later than 10 days after the date of the briefing, testimony, or presentation.
Section 7
7. Relation to Other Reporting Requirements If a covered entity has its headquarters in a State that has enacted requirements for public disclosure of gifts, donations, or contributions from, or contracts or agreements with, a foreign principal that are substantially similar to the requirements of this Act, a copy of the disclosure report filed with that State may be filed with the Attorney General in lieu of a report required under this Act. The State in which a covered entity has its headquarters shall provide to the Attorney General such assurances as the Attorney General may require to establish that the covered entity has met the requirements for public disclosure under State law if the State-mandated disclosure report is filed. If a covered entity receives a gift, donation, or contribution from, or enters into a contract or agreement with, a foreign principal, and if any other department, agency, or bureau of the executive branch requires a report containing requirements substantially similar to those required under this Act, a copy of the report may be filed with the Attorney General in lieu of a report required under this Act.
Section 8
8. Administration and Enforcement For a period of not less than 5 years, a covered entity shall retain the necessary materials required to comply with the requirements of this Act, including books of account, all communications with any foreign principal, and other records regarding the activities of the covered entity related to any contracts, memorandum of understandings, or agreements with, or gifts, donations, or contributions from, a foreign principal. Upon request of the Attorney General, each covered entity shall furnish to the Attorney General all information and records in the possession of the covered entity that the Attorney General may determine to be necessary to comply with the requirements under this Act. Upon request of Congress or a committee of Congress, a covered entity shall furnish to Congress or the relevant committee of Congress such information and records as Congress or the relevant committee of Congress may request to determine the extent to which the covered entity is in compliance with the requirements of this Act. Any information or records furnished pursuant to paragraph (2)(A) shall be made available in the database required under subsection (b). It shall be unlawful for any person willfully to conceal, destroy, obliterate, mutilate, or falsify, or to attempt to conceal, destroy, obliterate, mutilate, or falsify, or to cause to be concealed, destroyed, obliterated, mutilated, or falsified, any books or records required to be kept under the provisions of this section. All disclosure reports required by this Act and the information and records required to be furnished pursuant to subsection (a)(2)(A) shall be made available to the public through a database maintained on the official website of the Department of Justice. Any covered entity that fails to comply with the requirements of this Act, including any rule or regulation promulgated thereunder, shall be subject, in addition to any other penalties that may be prescribed by law, to a civil money penalty of not less than $1,000 for each day of the failure described by this Act—during which the covered entity is in violation of this Act. Whenever it appears that a covered entity has failed to comply with the requirements of this Act, including any rule or regulation promulgated under this Act, a civil action may be brought by the Attorney General in an appropriate district court of the United States, or the appropriate United States court of any territory or other place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, to request such court to compel compliance with the requirements of this Act. For knowing or willful failure to comply with the requirements of this Act, including any rule or regulation promulgated thereunder, a covered entity shall pay to the Treasury of the United States the full costs to the United States of obtaining compliance, including all associated costs of investigation and enforcement. The Attorney General may promulgate such regulations as the Attorney General considers necessary to implement the requirements of this Act.
Section 9
9. Effective date This Act shall take effect on the date that is 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act.