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Referenced Laws
2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.
2 U.S.C. 1502
2 U.S.C. 1532
2 U.S.C. 1534
2 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.
2 U.S.C. 1535
2 U.S.C. 1538
2 U.S.C. 1548
2 U.S.C. 658(1)
2 U.S.C. 1571
Chapter 7
2 U.S.C. 658d(a)(2)
Section 1
1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Unfunded Mandates Accountability and Transparency Act of 2025.
Section 2
2. Regulatory impact analyses for certain rules The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.) is amended— by striking tribal each place that term appears and inserting Tribal; in section 3 (2 U.S.C. 1502)— in paragraph (1), by striking and at the end; in paragraph (2), by striking the period at the end and inserting and; and by adding at the end the following: the term major rule means a rule, as defined in section 551 of title 5, United States Code, that the Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs determines is likely to cause— an annual effect on the economy of $100,000,000 or more, adjusted once every 5 years to reflect increases in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, as published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor; a major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, State, local, or Tribal government agencies, or geographic regions; or significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, public health and safety, or the ability of United States-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises in domestic and export markets. in section 202 (2 U.S.C. 1532)— by striking the section heading and inserting the following: by redesignating subsections (b) and (c) as subsections (d) and (e), respectively; by striking subsection (a) and inserting the following: In this section, the term cost means the cost of compliance and any reasonably foreseeable indirect costs, including revenues lost, as a result of a major rule of an agency that is subject to this section. Before promulgating any proposed or final major rule, the agency promulgating the major rule shall prepare and publish in the Federal Register an initial and final regulatory impact analysis with respect to the major rule. An initial regulatory impact analysis required under paragraph (1) shall— accompany the notice of proposed rulemaking with respect to the major rule that is the subject of the analysis; and be open to public comment. A final regulatory impact analysis required under paragraph (1) shall accompany the final major rule that is the subject of the analysis. Each initial and final regulatory impact analysis prepared and published under subsection (b) shall include, with respect to the major rule that is the subject of the analysis— an analysis of the anticipated benefits and costs of the major rule, which shall be quantified to the extent feasible; an analysis of the benefits and costs of a reasonable number of regulatory alternatives within the range of the discretion of the agency under the statute authorizing the major rule, including alternatives that— require no action by the Federal Government; and use incentives and market-based means to encourage the desired behavior; provide information based upon which the public can make choices; or employ other flexible regulatory options that permit the greatest flexibility in achieving the objectives of the statute authorizing the major rule; and an explanation of how the major rule complies with the requirements of section 205; an assessment of the extent to which— the costs to State, local, and Tribal governments may be paid with Federal financial assistance (or otherwise paid for by the Federal Government); and Federal resources are available to carry out the major rule; estimates of— any disproportionate budgetary effects of the major rule upon any particular— regions of the United States; State, local, or Tribal governments; types of communities, including urban or rural communities; or segments of the private sector; and the effect of the major rule on job creation or job loss, which shall be quantified to the extent feasible; and a description of the extent of the prior consultation of the agency under section 204 with elected representatives of each affected State, local, or Tribal government; a summary of the comments and concerns that were presented to the agency orally or in writing by State, local, or Tribal governments; and a summary of the evaluation by the agency of the comments and concerns described in subparagraph (B). in subsection (d), as so redesignated, by striking a statement under subsection (a) is required, the agency shall include in the promulgation a summary of the information contained in the statement and inserting an analysis under subsection (b) is required, the agency promulgating the major rule shall include in the promulgation a summary of the information contained in the analysis; and in subsection (e), as so redesignated, by striking any statement required under subsection (a) in conjunction with or as a part of any other statement or analysis, provided that the statement or analysis satisfies the provisions of subsection (a) and inserting any analysis required under subsection (b) in conjunction with, or as a part of, any other statement or analysis if the other statement or analysis satisfies the requirements of subsections (b) and (c). (3)the term major rule means a rule, as defined in section 551 of title 5, United States Code, that the Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs determines is likely to cause—(A)an annual effect on the economy of $100,000,000 or more, adjusted once every 5 years to reflect increases in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, as published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor;(B)a major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, State, local, or Tribal government agencies, or geographic regions; or(C)significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, public health and safety, or the ability of United States-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises in domestic and export markets.; and 202.Regulatory impact analyses for certain rules; (a)Definition of costIn this section, the term cost means the cost of compliance and any reasonably foreseeable indirect costs, including revenues lost, as a result of a major rule of an agency that is subject to this section.(b)Regulatory impact analyses(1)RequirementBefore promulgating any proposed or final major rule, the agency promulgating the major rule shall prepare and publish in the Federal Register an initial and final regulatory impact analysis with respect to the major rule.(2)Initial regulatory impact analysisAn initial regulatory impact analysis required under paragraph (1) shall—(A)accompany the notice of proposed rulemaking with respect to the major rule that is the subject of the analysis; and(B)be open to public comment.(3)Final regulatory impact analysisA final regulatory impact analysis required under paragraph (1) shall accompany the final major rule that is the subject of the analysis.(c)ContentEach initial and final regulatory impact analysis prepared and published under subsection (b) shall include, with respect to the major rule that is the subject of the analysis—(1)(A)an analysis of the anticipated benefits and costs of the major rule, which shall be quantified to the extent feasible;(B)an analysis of the benefits and costs of a reasonable number of regulatory alternatives within the range of the discretion of the agency under the statute authorizing the major rule, including alternatives that—(i)require no action by the Federal Government; and(ii)(I)use incentives and market-based means to encourage the desired behavior;(II)provide information based upon which the public can make choices; or(III)employ other flexible regulatory options that permit the greatest flexibility in achieving the objectives of the statute authorizing the major rule; and(C)an explanation of how the major rule complies with the requirements of section 205;(2)an assessment of the extent to which—(A)the costs to State, local, and Tribal governments may be paid with Federal financial assistance (or otherwise paid for by the Federal Government); and(B)Federal resources are available to carry out the major rule;(3)estimates of—(A)any disproportionate budgetary effects of the major rule upon any particular—(i)regions of the United States;(ii)State, local, or Tribal governments;(iii)types of communities, including urban or rural communities; or(iv)segments of the private sector; and(B)the effect of the major rule on job creation or job loss, which shall be quantified to the extent feasible; and(4)(A)a description of the extent of the prior consultation of the agency under section 204 with elected representatives of each affected State, local, or Tribal government;(B)a summary of the comments and concerns that were presented to the agency orally or in writing by State, local, or Tribal governments; and(C)a summary of the evaluation by the agency of the comments and concerns described in subparagraph (B).;
Section 3
202. Regulatory impact analyses for certain rules
Section 4
3. Enhanced stakeholder consultation Section 204 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1534) is amended— in the section heading, by inserting and private sector before input; in subsection (a)— by inserting , and impacted parties within the private sector (including small businesses), after on their behalf); and by striking Federal intergovernmental mandates and inserting Federal mandates; and by amending subsection (c) to read as follows: For appropriate implementation of subsections (a) and (b) consistent with applicable laws and regulations, the following guidelines shall be followed: Consultations shall take place as early as possible, before issuance of a notice of proposed rulemaking, continue through the final rule stage, and be integrated explicitly into the rulemaking process. Agencies shall consult with a wide variety of State, local, and Tribal officials and impacted parties within the private sector (including small businesses). Geographic, political, and other factors that may differentiate varying points of view should be considered. Agencies should estimate benefits and costs to assist with these consultations. The scope of the consultation should reflect the cost and significance of the Federal mandate being considered. Agencies shall, to the extent practicable— seek out the views of State, local, and Tribal governments, and impacted parties within the private sector (including small businesses), on costs, benefits, and risks; and solicit ideas about alternative methods of compliance and potential flexibilities, and input on whether the Federal regulation will harmonize with and not duplicate similar laws in other levels of government. Consultations shall address the cumulative impact of regulations on the affected entities. Agencies may accept electronic submissions of comments by relevant parties but may not use those comments as the sole method of satisfying the guidelines in this subsection. (c)GuidelinesFor appropriate implementation of subsections (a) and (b) consistent with applicable laws and regulations, the following guidelines shall be followed:(1)Consultations shall take place as early as possible, before issuance of a notice of proposed rulemaking, continue through the final rule stage, and be integrated explicitly into the rulemaking process.(2)Agencies shall consult with a wide variety of State, local, and Tribal officials and impacted parties within the private sector (including small businesses). Geographic, political, and other factors that may differentiate varying points of view should be considered.(3)Agencies should estimate benefits and costs to assist with these consultations. The scope of the consultation should reflect the cost and significance of the Federal mandate being considered.(4)Agencies shall, to the extent practicable—(A)seek out the views of State, local, and Tribal governments, and impacted parties within the private sector (including small businesses), on costs, benefits, and risks; and(B)solicit ideas about alternative methods of compliance and potential flexibilities, and input on whether the Federal regulation will harmonize with and not duplicate similar laws in other levels of government.(5)Consultations shall address the cumulative impact of regulations on the affected entities.(6)Agencies may accept electronic submissions of comments by relevant parties but may not use those comments as the sole method of satisfying the guidelines in this subsection..
Section 5
4. Maximize net benefits or provide explanation Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) is amended by striking section 205 (2 U.S.C. 1535) and inserting the following: In this section, the term cost has the meaning given the term in section 202(a). Before promulgating any proposed or final major rule for which a regulatory impact analysis is required under section 202, an agency shall from the alternatives identified and considered under section 202(c)(1)(B), select the alternative that maximizes net benefits, taking into consideration only the costs and benefits that arise within the scope of the statutory provision that authorizes the rulemaking. An agency may adopt an alternative other than as required under subsection (b) only if— the Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs approves the adoption by the agency of the alternative; and the alternative is adopted to— account for costs or benefits that cannot be quantified, including costs or benefits related to constitutional or civil rights, provided that the agency identifies all such costs and benefits and explains why those costs and benefits justify the adoption of the alternative; or achieve additional benefits or cost reductions, provided that the agency— identifies— all such additional benefits and the associated costs of those benefits; and all such cost reductions and the associated benefits of those cost reductions; and explains why— the additional benefits justify the additional costs; or the additional cost reductions justify any benefits foregone. 205.Maximize net benefits(a)Definition of costIn this section, the term cost has the meaning given the term in section 202(a).(b)RequirementBefore promulgating any proposed or final major rule for which a regulatory impact analysis is required under section 202, an agency shall from the alternatives identified and considered under section 202(c)(1)(B), select the alternative that maximizes net benefits, taking into consideration only the costs and benefits that arise within the scope of the statutory provision that authorizes the rulemaking.(c)ExceptionsAn agency may adopt an alternative other than as required under subsection (b) only if—(1)the Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs approves the adoption by the agency of the alternative; and (2)the alternative is adopted to—(A)account for costs or benefits that cannot be quantified, including costs or benefits related to constitutional or civil rights, provided that the agency identifies all such costs and benefits and explains why those costs and benefits justify the adoption of the alternative; or(B)achieve additional benefits or cost reductions, provided that the agency—(i)identifies—(I)all such additional benefits and the associated costs of those benefits; and(II)all such cost reductions and the associated benefits of those cost reductions; and(ii)explains why—(I)the additional benefits justify the additional costs; or(II)the additional cost reductions justify any benefits foregone..
Section 6
205. Maximize net benefits In this section, the term cost has the meaning given the term in section 202(a). Before promulgating any proposed or final major rule for which a regulatory impact analysis is required under section 202, an agency shall from the alternatives identified and considered under section 202(c)(1)(B), select the alternative that maximizes net benefits, taking into consideration only the costs and benefits that arise within the scope of the statutory provision that authorizes the rulemaking. An agency may adopt an alternative other than as required under subsection (b) only if— the Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs approves the adoption by the agency of the alternative; and the alternative is adopted to— account for costs or benefits that cannot be quantified, including costs or benefits related to constitutional or civil rights, provided that the agency identifies all such costs and benefits and explains why those costs and benefits justify the adoption of the alternative; or achieve additional benefits or cost reductions, provided that the agency— identifies— all such additional benefits and the associated costs of those benefits; and all such cost reductions and the associated benefits of those cost reductions; and explains why— the additional benefits justify the additional costs; or the additional cost reductions justify any benefits foregone.
Section 7
5. New authorities and responsibilities for Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs Section 208 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1538) is amended to read as follows: The Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (in this section referred to as the Administrator) shall provide meaningful guidance and oversight so that the major rules of an agency for which a regulatory impact analysis is required under section 202— are consistent with the principles and requirements of this title, as well as other applicable laws; and and do not conflict with the policies or actions of another agency. If the Administrator determines that the major rules of an agency for which a regulatory impact analysis is required under section 202 do not comply with the principles and requirements of this title, are not consistent with other applicable laws, or conflict with the policies or actions of another agency, the Administrator shall— identify areas of noncompliance; notify the agency; and request that the agency comply before the agency finalizes the major rule concerned. The Administrator shall submit to Congress, including the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of the House of Representatives, an annual written report that, for the 1-year period preceding the report— details compliance by each agency with the requirements of this title that relate to major rules for which a regulatory impact analysis is required by section 202, including activities undertaken at the request of the Administrator to improve compliance; and contains an appendix detailing compliance by each agency with section 204. 208.Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs responsibilities(a)In generalThe Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (in this section referred to as the Administrator) shall provide meaningful guidance and oversight so that the major rules of an agency for which a regulatory impact analysis is required under section 202—(1)are consistent with the principles and requirements of this title, as well as other applicable laws; and(2)and do not conflict with the policies or actions of another agency. (b)NotificationIf the Administrator determines that the major rules of an agency for which a regulatory impact analysis is required under section 202 do not comply with the principles and requirements of this title, are not consistent with other applicable laws, or conflict with the policies or actions of another agency, the Administrator shall—(1)identify areas of noncompliance;(2)notify the agency; and (3)request that the agency comply before the agency finalizes the major rule concerned.(c)Annual statements to Congress on agency complianceThe Administrator shall submit to Congress, including the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of the House of Representatives, an annual written report that, for the 1-year period preceding the report—(1)details compliance by each agency with the requirements of this title that relate to major rules for which a regulatory impact analysis is required by section 202, including activities undertaken at the request of the Administrator to improve compliance; and(2)contains an appendix detailing compliance by each agency with section 204..
Section 8
208. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs responsibilities The Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (in this section referred to as the Administrator) shall provide meaningful guidance and oversight so that the major rules of an agency for which a regulatory impact analysis is required under section 202— are consistent with the principles and requirements of this title, as well as other applicable laws; and and do not conflict with the policies or actions of another agency. If the Administrator determines that the major rules of an agency for which a regulatory impact analysis is required under section 202 do not comply with the principles and requirements of this title, are not consistent with other applicable laws, or conflict with the policies or actions of another agency, the Administrator shall— identify areas of noncompliance; notify the agency; and request that the agency comply before the agency finalizes the major rule concerned. The Administrator shall submit to Congress, including the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of the House of Representatives, an annual written report that, for the 1-year period preceding the report— details compliance by each agency with the requirements of this title that relate to major rules for which a regulatory impact analysis is required by section 202, including activities undertaken at the request of the Administrator to improve compliance; and contains an appendix detailing compliance by each agency with section 204.
Section 9
6. Initiation of rulemaking The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.) is amended— by redesignating section 209 (2 U.S.C. 1531 note) as section 210; and by inserting after section 208 (2 U.S.C. 1548) the following: When an agency determines to initiate a rulemaking that may result in a major rule, the agency shall— establish an electronic docket for that rulemaking, which may have a physical counterpart; and publish a notice of initiation of rulemaking in the Federal Register, which shall— briefly describe the subject and objectives of, and the problem to be solved by, the major rule; refer to the legal authority under which the major rule would be proposed, including the specific statutory provision that authorizes the rulemaking; invite interested persons to propose alternatives and other ideas regarding how best to accomplish the objectives of the agency in the most effective manner; indicate how interested persons may submit written material for the docket; and appear in the Federal Register not later than 90 days before the date on which the agency publishes a notice of proposed rulemaking for the major rule. 209.Initiation of rulemaking for major rulesWhen an agency determines to initiate a rulemaking that may result in a major rule, the agency shall—(1)establish an electronic docket for that rulemaking, which may have a physical counterpart; and(2)publish a notice of initiation of rulemaking in the Federal Register, which shall—(A)briefly describe the subject and objectives of, and the problem to be solved by, the major rule;(B)refer to the legal authority under which the major rule would be proposed, including the specific statutory provision that authorizes the rulemaking;(C)invite interested persons to propose alternatives and other ideas regarding how best to accomplish the objectives of the agency in the most effective manner;(D)indicate how interested persons may submit written material for the docket; and(E)appear in the Federal Register not later than 90 days before the date on which the agency publishes a notice of proposed rulemaking for the major rule..
Section 10
209. Initiation of rulemaking for major rules When an agency determines to initiate a rulemaking that may result in a major rule, the agency shall— establish an electronic docket for that rulemaking, which may have a physical counterpart; and publish a notice of initiation of rulemaking in the Federal Register, which shall— briefly describe the subject and objectives of, and the problem to be solved by, the major rule; refer to the legal authority under which the major rule would be proposed, including the specific statutory provision that authorizes the rulemaking; invite interested persons to propose alternatives and other ideas regarding how best to accomplish the objectives of the agency in the most effective manner; indicate how interested persons may submit written material for the docket; and appear in the Federal Register not later than 90 days before the date on which the agency publishes a notice of proposed rulemaking for the major rule.
Section 11
7. Inclusion of application to independent regulatory agencies Section 421(1) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (2 U.S.C. 658(1)) is amended by striking , but does not include independent regulatory agencies. The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 5 the following: Nothing in title II, III, or IV shall apply to rules that concern monetary policy proposed or implemented by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or the Federal Open Market Committee. 6.Exemption for monetary policyNothing in title II, III, or IV shall apply to rules that concern monetary policy proposed or implemented by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or the Federal Open Market Committee..
Section 12
6. Exemption for monetary policy Nothing in title II, III, or IV shall apply to rules that concern monetary policy proposed or implemented by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or the Federal Open Market Committee.
Section 13
8. Judicial review Title IV of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 is amended by striking section 401 (2 U.S.C. 1571) and inserting the following: A person that is aggrieved by final agency action in adopting a major rule that is subject to section 202 is entitled to judicial review of whether the agency complied with section 202(b), 202(c)(1), or 205 with respect to the rule. Chapter 7 of title 5, United States Code, shall govern the scope of judicial review under subsection (a). Each court that has jurisdiction to review a rule for compliance with section 553 of title 5, United States Code, or under any other provision of law, shall have jurisdiction to review a claim brought under subsection (a). In granting relief in an action under this section, a court shall order the agency that promulgated the major rule that is under review to take remedial action consistent with chapter 7 of title 5, United States Code. 401.Judicial review(a)In generalA person that is aggrieved by final agency action in adopting a major rule that is subject to section 202 is entitled to judicial review of whether the agency complied with section 202(b), 202(c)(1), or 205 with respect to the rule.(b)Scope of reviewChapter 7 of title 5, United States Code, shall govern the scope of judicial review under subsection (a).(c)JurisdictionEach court that has jurisdiction to review a rule for compliance with section 553 of title 5, United States Code, or under any other provision of law, shall have jurisdiction to review a claim brought under subsection (a).(d)Relief availableIn granting relief in an action under this section, a court shall order the agency that promulgated the major rule that is under review to take remedial action consistent with chapter 7 of title 5, United States Code..
Section 14
401. Judicial review A person that is aggrieved by final agency action in adopting a major rule that is subject to section 202 is entitled to judicial review of whether the agency complied with section 202(b), 202(c)(1), or 205 with respect to the rule. Chapter 7 of title 5, United States Code, shall govern the scope of judicial review under subsection (a). Each court that has jurisdiction to review a rule for compliance with section 553 of title 5, United States Code, or under any other provision of law, shall have jurisdiction to review a claim brought under subsection (a). In granting relief in an action under this section, a court shall order the agency that promulgated the major rule that is under review to take remedial action consistent with chapter 7 of title 5, United States Code.
Section 15
9. Applying substantive point of order to private sector mandates Section 425(a)(2) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (2 U.S.C. 658d(a)(2)) is amended— by striking Federal intergovernmental mandates and inserting Federal mandates; and by striking section 424(a)(1) and inserting subsection (a)(1) or (b)(1) of section 424.
Section 16
10. Effective date Sections 3, 4, 5, and 7 of this Act and the amendments made by those sections shall take effect on the date that is 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act.