HJRES135-119

In Committee

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to limit the pardon power of the President.

119th Congress Introduced Dec 18, 2025

Summary

What This Bill Does

This joint resolution proposes a detailed pardon-power amendment. The President would have to notify the President pro tempore of the Senate and Speaker of the House within three days of a reprieve or pardon. Congress could nullify a pardon by joint resolution within 180 days. If the President fails to notify Congress within three days, the reprieve or pardon would have no force or effect. The President also could not reissue a pardon previously nullified by Congress.

Who Benefits and How

Congressional oversight committees benefit because they gain notice and potential nullification authority over pardons. Federal prosecution attorneys benefit if controversial pardons can be reviewed or nullified by Congress. Voters concerned about abuse of the pardon power benefit from transparency and a check on reprieves and pardons. Victim advocacy organizations benefit if Congress can respond to pardons viewed as undermining accountability.

Who Bears the Burden and How

Presidential officers must notify congressional leaders within three days after granting a reprieve or pardon. Pardon recipients face uncertainty for up to 180 days while Congress may consider nullification. The President pro tempore of the Senate and Speaker of the House must receive and process pardon notices. Courts must resolve disputes about pardon validity, missed notice, and congressional nullification.

Key Provisions

  • Requires presidential notice to House and Senate leaders within three days of a pardon or reprieve.
  • Authorizes Congress to nullify covered pardons by joint resolution within 180 days.
  • Provides that late-noticed pardons have no force or effect.
  • Prohibits reissuing a pardon that Congress previously nullified.

Evidence Chain:

This summary is generated from the full bill text using AI analysis. Expand "Detailed Analysis" below for identified beneficiaries/burden bearers with clause-level evidence links.

At a Glance

What This Bill Does

Proposes a constitutional amendment requiring prompt congressional notice of pardons and reprieves, allowing Congress to nullify covered pardons, and barring pardons previously nullified by Congress.

Key Policy Areas

Constitutional Amendment, Executive Power, Congressional Oversight

Primary Purpose

Proposes a constitutional amendment requiring prompt congressional notice of pardons and reprieves, allowing Congress to nullify covered pardons, and barring pardons previously nullified by Congress.

Policy Domains

Constitutional Amendment Executive Power Congressional Oversight

Resolution provisions

Identified Gains
  • Congressional oversight committees
  • Federal prosecution attorneys
  • Voter accountability organizations
  • Victim advocacy organizations
Model: codex-gpt-5 | Version: bill_summary_v2 | Source: ih
Federal prosecution attorneys: , , ,
Victim advocacy organizations: , , ,
Congressional oversight committees: , , ,
Voter accountability organizations: , , ,
Identified Costs
  • Presidential officers
  • Pardon recipient attorneys
  • Senate leadership offices
  • House Office of the Speaker
  • Courts
Model: codex-gpt-5 | Version: bill_summary_v2 | Source: ih
Courts: , , ,
Presidential officers: , , ,
Senate leadership offices: , , ,
Pardon recipient attorneys: , , ,
House Office of the Speaker: , , ,

Legislative Progress

In Committee
Introduced Committee Passed
Dec 18, 2025

Referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary.

Dec 18, 2025

Introduced in House

Stakeholder Effects

cui bono?

How this legislation distributes effects. Mention counts reflect frequency, not effect magnitude.

Government
10 mentions across 5 clauses
+5 positive -5 negative

Congressional oversight committees, Presidential officers

Positive-direction: Congressional oversight committees

Negative-direction: Presidential officers

Law Enforcement
10 mentions across 5 clauses
+5 positive -5 negative

Federal prosecution attorneys, Pardon recipient attorneys

Positive-direction: Federal prosecution attorneys

Negative-direction: Pardon recipient attorneys

5/6
sections analyzed
Full impact breakdown

Bill Structure & Actor Mappings

Who is "The Secretary" in each section?

Domains
Constitutional Amendment Executive Power Congressional Oversight

We use a combination of our own taxonomy and classification in addition to large language models to assess meaning and potential beneficiaries. High confidence means strong textual evidence. Always verify with the original bill text.

Learn more about our methodology